Stressors
Elicit the stress response or the stress system through the action of the nervous and endocrine systems. Stimuli such as infection, noise, decreased oxygen supply, pain, malnutrition, heat, cold, trauma, prolonged exertion, radiation, responses to life ev
Alarm Stage
reaction, in which the CNS is aroused and the body's defenses are mobilized.
Stage of Resitance or Adaptation
mobilization contributes to "fight or flight".
Stage of Exhaustion
continuous stress causes the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms (aquired adaptions) and homeostasis.
Diseases of Adaptation
Exhaustion marks ther onset of certain diseases.
Alarm Phase
begins when a stressor activates the hypothalmus ans symphathetic nervous system.
Resistance or Adaptation Phase
Begins with the actions of the adrenal hormones cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
Allostatic Overload
also known as exhaustion, occurs if stress continues and adaptation is not successful, ultimately causing impairment of the immune response, heart failure, and kidney failure leading to death.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
nonspecific response to noxious stimuli it is made up of three stages.
Allostasis
Short-term adaptation
Exhaustion
a.k.a allostatic overload: occurs if stress continues and adaptation is not successful, ultimately causing impairment of the Immune Response, heart failure, and kidney failure leading to death.
Chronic Stress Mechanisms
Can lead to long-term dysregulation and promote behavioral responses and physiologic response that lead tostress induced disorders/diseases, compromising health.
Allostatic Load
Stress induced disorders/diseases
The Alarm Reaction
includes increased secretion of gluccocorticoids (cortisol0 by the adrenal cortex and increased secretion of epinephrine and small amounts of norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
Physiologic Stress
A chemical or physical disturbance produced by a change, either in the external environment or within the body itself, that elcits a response to counteract the disturbance ex. begins the GAS
3 Components of physiologic stress
1. The exogenous and endogenous stressor initiating the disturbance
2. The chemical or physical disturbance produced by the stressor
3. The body's counteracting (adaptational) response to the disturbance.
Reactive Response
Physiologic response derived from psycholic stressors.
Anticipatory responses
Occur when physiologic responses develop in anticipation of disruption of homeostasis.
Homeostasis
Optimal ready state
Condition Response
A person learns that specific events are associated with danger.
Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTA)
Condition response experienced by military personnel and survivors of natural disasters.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA) Axis
a holistic and complex model that involves biochemical relationships of the CNS, ANS, endocrine system and immune system.
Corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH)
secreted by the hypothalamus and binds to specific receptors on pituitary cells.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Produced by cells in the pituitary gland and is transported through the blood to the adrenal glands located on the top of the kidneys.
Cortisol
released when ACTH binds to specific receptors, initiates a series of metabolic changes
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
is the study of how the consciousness (psycho), the brain and spinal cord (neuro), and the body's defenses against infection and abnormal cell division (immunology) interact; assumes all immune-mediated diseases result from interrelationships among psycho
Stressors
elicit the stress response or stress sytem through the action of the nervous and endocrine systems. Stimuli include: infection, noise, decreased oxygen supply, pain, malnutrition, heat, cold, trauma, prolonged exertion, radiation, responses to life events
Cytokines
Chemical messengers
Chronic or Disregulated allostasis
long-term or chronic exaggerated responses to stress can lead to disease
Allostatic Overload
(Exaggerated pathophysiologic responses to stress) include the concentrations of cortisol, catecholamines of the symphathetic nervous system, and proinflammatory cytokines as well as a decline in parasympathetic activity.
Define the HPA Axis
The HPA axis is the response to stress that begins in the brain where the hypothalamus is the control center for hormones including corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
1. Hypothalamus secretes CRH
2.CRH binds to Anterior Pituitary and produces ACTH
3.
Discuss the diseases/ Disorders affected by stress
Pychologic Stress may cause or worsen several diseases or disorders including anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain and fatigue syndromes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and its Cardiovascular c
Briefly describe the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome.
1. Alarm Stage- Reaction! CNS is aroused and the body's defenses are mobilized.
2. Stage of Resistense or adaptation- Contribuites to "fight or flight"
3.Stage of Exhaustion- Continuous stress causes the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms (a
Define Allostatic Load
Allostatic Overload is the individualized cumulative amounts of stressors that exist in our lives and that influence our physiologic responses. ex. genetic make-up, lifestyle (including damaging health behaviors), daily events, and sometimes dramatic even
Define Allostatic Overload
Allostatic Overload is the exaggerated pathophysiologic response to stress. It includes the concentrations of cortisol, catecholamines of the symphathetic nervous system, and proinflammatory cytokines as well as a decline in parasympathetic activity.
Stress response
sympathetic nervous system is aroused releasing norephinephrine (Adrenergic stimulation) and causing the medulla of the adrenal gland to release catecholamines (80% epinephrine and 20% norephinephrine) into the blood stream.
Catecholamines
mimic direct sympathetic stimulation, can not cross the blood brain barrier and are synthesized locally in the brain.
Norepinephrine
regulates blood pressure, promotes arousal, and increases vigilance, anxiety, and other protective emotional responses.
Epinephrine
located in liver and skeletal muscles; is rapidly metabolized; influences cardiac action by enhancing myocardial contractivity (inotropic effect), increasing heart rate (chronotropic effect) and increases venous return to the heart, ultimately increasing
Catecholamines stimulate 2 major classes of receptors
1. Alpha- adrenergic receptors ( alpha1 and alpha2)
2. Beta- adrenergic receptors ( beta1 and beta2)
Glucocorticoids
regulate many functions of the CNS, including arousal, congnition, mood, sleep, metabolism, the immune and inflamatory reaction, and growth and replacement.
Cortisol
mobilizes substances needed for cellular metabolism and stimulates gluconeogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or free fatty acids in the liver.
Th1 to Th2 shift
the decrease in Th1 activity abd the increase in Th2 activity.
Peripheal (immune) CRH
is the proinflammatory, causing an increase in vasodilation and vascular permeability.
Histamine
released by mast cells, a well -known mediator of acute inflammation and allergic reactions.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
A sympathetic neurotransmitter, has recently been shown to be a stress mediator. A growth factor for many cells, that is implicated in atherosclerosis and tissue remodeling.
Coping
the process of managing stressful challenges that tax the individual's resources.
Maladaptive coping
Result in a change in behavior contributing to potentially adverse health effects. (e.g., increased smoking, change in eating habits).
Adaptive Coping
strageties that are problem focused such as seeking social support, beneficial during stressful experiences.
How does the immune system participate in stress-related diseases?
Stress and negative emotions are associated directly with the production of increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, providing a possible link between stress, immune function, and disease.
Why are stress-related diseases a problem?
Stress-related diseases can worsen when an individual becomes stressed.
Why do stress-related diseases occur?
What ever diseases an individual is predisposed to when that individual undergoes stress the probabilty of developing the disease increases because of the activation of the HPA axis and disruption of homeostasis.
Define Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how the cosciousness, brain and spinal cord, and the body's defenses against infection and abnormal cell division interact.
What intervention or prevention activities reduce stress-related diseases?
Educational components that are specific to the individual's problems. Relaxation techniques including meditation, mindfulness, imagery, massage, and biofeedback.