Which of the following is TRUE regarding the development of the reproductive structures?
A. Anterior pituitary development starts between the fourth and fifth weeks of fetal life.
B. The vascular connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary is es
A. The genital tubercle is developed during the first 7 to 8 weeks of gestation. GnRH is produced by the hypothalamus by 10 weeks of gestation. The vascular connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary is established by the 12th week.
An individual is diagnosed with early puberty. Which of the following has been linked with this condition?
A. Presence of leptin
B. Thin body habitus
C. Decreased growth hormone
D. Decreased luteinizing hormone
A.The presence of leptin and obesity has been linked to early puberty.
The appropriate term for sexual maturation is which of the following?
A. Adolescence
B. Puberty
C. Adrenarche
D. Gonadarche
B. Adolescence refers to all aspects of development that occur between the ages of 11 and 19. Adrenarche is increased production of adrenal androgens. Gonadarche is the development of the gonads.
In the female reproductive system, which of the following is the appropriate term for the thin perforate membrane that covers the vaginal introitus?
A. Mons pubis
B. Labia majora
C. Vulva
D. Hymen
D. The labia majora are the two folds of skin that arise at the mons pubis and extend back to the fourchette. The mons pubis is a fatty layer of tissue over the pubic symphysis. The vulva is the female genitalia. The hymen is the thin perforate membrane t
Which of the following is a factor that helps to maintain the self-cleansing action of the vagina?
A. Acid-base balance that discourages the proliferation of most pathogenic bacteria
B. Thinness of the vaginal epithelium
C. Low estrogen level
D. Excess of
A.The factor is an acid-base balance that discourages the proliferation of most pathogenic bacteria. The thickness of the vaginal epithelium, the high estrogen level, and the normal population of L. acidophilus in reproductive-age women also are factors.
A woman has been diagnosed with cervical dysplasia. Which of the following anatomic locations is a common location for this type of cancer?
A. Perimetrium
B. Myometrium
C. Endometrium
D. Squamous-columnar junction
C. The perimetrium is the outer serous membrane that covers the uterus. The myometrium is the uterine muscle that facilitates childbirth. The endometrium is the uterine lining. Cervical dysplasia or carcinoma in situ occurs at the squamous-columnar juncti
Which of the following hormones stimulates the ovary to release the ova and secrete progesterone?
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C. Estrogen
D. Testosterone
B. LH stimulates the ovary to release the ova and secrete progesterone. FSH induces the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Estrogen has numerous biologic effects. It is required for maturation of reproductive organs. Testosterone is found in women and
Ovulation marks the beginning of which phase of menstruation?
A. Menstruation
B. Follicular/proliferative
C. Luteal/secretory
D. Secretory
c.Ovulation marks the beginning of the luteal/secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. The ovarian follicle begins its transformation into a corpus luteum. Menstruation is the functional layer of the endometrium disintegrating and being discharged. The fol
Which of the following hormones inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion?
A. Activin
B. Inhibin
C. Follistatin
D. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
b. Activin stimulates FSH release. Inhibin inhibits its release. Follistatin suppresses FSH activity. LH stimulates the ovary to release the ova and secrete progesterone.
Which of the following structures is comma shaped and curves over the posterior portion of each of the testes?
A. Vas deferens
B. Tunica dartos
C. Epididymis
D. Corpora cavernosa
c. The vas deferens is the tail of the epididymis. This is a duct with muscular layers capable of powerful peristalsis that transports sperm toward the urethra. The tunica dartos forms a septum that separates the two testes. The corpora cavernosa is one o
Which structure secretes a thin milky substance with an alkaline pH that helps sperm survive the alkaline environment?
A. Prostate gland
B. Cowper gland
C. Spermatogonia
D. Sertoli cell
a. The prostate gland secretes a thin milky substance with an alkaline pH that helps sperm survive the alkaline environment. The Cowper glands secrete mucus into the urethra near the base of the penis. Spermatogonia are the germ cells that line the semini
To which of the following does testosterone bind?
A. Sex hormone?binding globulin (SHBG)
B. Prolactin
C. Sertoli cells
D. Leydig cells
a.Testosterone binds to SHBG and albumin. Prolactin, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells are unbound in the plasma.
Which of the following is the appropriate term for breast development?
A. Adrenarche
B. Thelarche
C. Gonadarche
D. Puberty
b. Adrenarche is the increased production of adrenal androgens. Gonadarche is the earliest physical changes of reproductive organs. Puberty is the process of change leading to reproductive maturation.
A Papanicolaou (Pap) test evaluates for which of the following?
A. Vaginal infection
B. Breast cancer
C. Cervical cancer
D. Endometrial cancer
c. A Pap test evaluates for cervical dysplasia, which is a precursor for cervical cancer.
Homologous structures-
until 8 weeks a baby is an "it
Testes is Homologous to
Ovaries
Glans Penis is Homologous to
The Clitorious
Puberty in Females starts with
Begins with Thelarche (breast development) in females.
What is the cause and age of Early Puberty in girls
9 white and 8 black girls.
Obesity, Leptin and Food Additives.
Introitus
vaginal opening
Hymen
please don't make me tell you what this is
Urinary meatus
Opening of the urethra
Lesser vestibular glands (Skene glands)
Lubes the urinary meatus and vestibule
Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)
Lubes the inner labia and makes sperm more motile
Perineum
Skin between the opening of the vagina and anus
Body temperature change
Basal body temp
Follicular rate is around 98
Rises .4-1 degree during luteal phase
Progesterone acts on thermoregulatory center of hypothalamas
Seminal vesicles
Provide fructose for ejaculated sperm
Secretes prostaglandins that assist with sperm transmission
Prostate gland
Produces alkaline fluid to help sperm survive the acidic environment of the vagina
Bulbourethral glands
aka Cowper glands
Secretes mucus into the urethra to provide fluid to the ejaculate
Testosterone
Sexual differentiation
Erections begin before birth
Urogenital system development
Nervous and skeletal tissue development
Sex drive
Baldness
Acne
Vasomotor symptoms
Vasomotor flush
Associated with fluctuation in estrogen levels not just estrogen loss
Aging and the Male Reproductive System
+Reproductive capacity longer than woman's
+No event comparable to menopause
+Decreased erectile and ejaculatory function
+Testes atrophy, decrease in weight, and soften
+Decreased levels of gonadotropins and testosterone