The colonizing bacteria acquire nutritional needs and shelter, the host is not adversely affected by the relationship; an interaction such as this is called ____.
commensalism
The term ____ describes the presence, multiplication, and subsequent injury within a host by another living organism.
infection
A ____ relationship is one in which only the infecting organism benefits from the relationship and the host either gains nothing from the relationship or sustains injury from the interaction.
parasitic
All microorganisms can be ____ pathogens capable of producing an infectious disease when the health and immunity of the host have been severely weakened.
opportunistic
The various prion-associated diseases produce very similar symptoms and pathology in the host and are collective called _____ diseases.
transmissible neurodegenerative
___ are the smallest obligate intracellular pathogens.
Viruses
Bacteria are autonomously replicating unicellular organisms known as ____ because they lack an organized nucleus.
prokaryotes
____ characteristics and microscopic morphology are used in combination to describe bacteria.
Staining
The ____ are an eccentric category of bacteria that are mentioned separately because of their unusual cellular morphology and distinctive mechanisms of motility.
spirochetes
The ____ are unicellular prokaryotes capable of independent replication.
mycoplasmas
Serious ____ infections are rare and usually initiated through puncture wounds or inhalation.
fungal
The fungi can be separated into two groups, ____ and ____, based on rudimentary differences in their morphology.
yeasts, molds
Parasitic infection results from the ingestion of highly resistant cysts or spores that are shed in the ____ of an infected host.
feces
The _____ is the initial appearance of symptoms in the host.
prodromal stage
The period during which the host experiences the maximum impact of the infectious process corresponding to rapid proliferation and dissemination of the pathogen is known as the _____.
acute stage
The ___ is characterized by the containment of infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repair of damaged tissue, and resolution of associated symptoms.
convalescent period
Inflammation by an anatomic location is usually designated by adding the suffix - _____ to the name of the involved tissue in an infection.
itis
The suffix - ____ is used to designate the presence of a substance in the blood.
emia
____ factors are substances or products generated by infectious agents that enhance their ability to cause disease.
Virulence
In contrast to _____, endotoxin do not contain protein, are not actively released form the bacterium during growth, and have no enzymatic activity.
exotoxins
Microflora
Microorganisms that live with a host
Host
Any organisms capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another.
Infection
The presence, multiplication, and subsequent injury within a host by another living organism.
Disease
Condition of an organism that impairs normal physiological function.
Colonization
Describes the act of establishing infection
Virulence
Disease-producing potential of a microorganism
Pathogens
Microorganisms so virulent that they are rarely found in the absence of disease
Saprophytes
Harmless, free-living organisms
Prions
Disease-causing protein particles that lack any kind of a demonstrable genome
Rickettsiae
Organisms combining characteristics of viral and bacterial agents to produce disease in humans
Plasmids
Bacterial DNA that may increase virulence
Mycoplasmas
Organisms are less than one-third the size of bacteria
Fastidious bacteria
Cannot live long outside strict growth requirements
Ectoparasites
Infest external body surfaces
Orthomyxoviridae
Flu viruses
Enveloped viruses
Herpesvirus and paramyxoviruses
Rickettsiae
Cause Rocky Mountain Fever
Oncogenic viruses
Virus capable of transforming a cell
Facultatively anaerobic bacteria
Bacteria that can adapt metabolism
Chlamydia trachomatis
Sexually transmitted genital infections
Write the correct sequence of the following.
a. Viral DNA copy is integrated into the host chromosome.
b. Host cell lysis
c. Reactivation of virus
d. Entry into the host cell
e. Viral RNA genome is first translated into DNA
f. Replication of virus
1. Entry into the host cell
2. Viral RNA genome is first translated into DNA
3. Viral DNA copy is integrated into the host chromosome
4. Reactivation of virus
5. Replication of virus
6. Host cell lysis
Explain the general mechanisms of cellular viral infection and replication. Differentiate between those that cause lysis and those that do not. Also, explain the concept of a latent virus.
Viruses are incapable of replication outside a living cell. They must penetrate a susceptible living cell and use the biosynthetic machinery of the cell to produce viral progeny. Not every viral agent causes lysis and death of the host during the course o
Describe the various methods of infiltration taken by organisms that will cause infection, from the organism entering the host to the manifestation of the disease state.
The portal of enter refers to the process by which a pathogen enters the body, gains access to susceptible tissues, and causes disease. Among the potential modes of transmission are penetration, direct contact, ingestion, and inhalation. In terms of patho
Explain the concept of "disease course" and list all the stages that the disease course takes.
The course of any infectious disease can be divided into several distinguishable stages after the point of time in which the potential pathogen enters the host. These stages are the incubation period, the prodromal stage, the acute stage, and the convales
What is the goal of treatment in regard to infective organisms? Provide the common methods of treatment.
The goal of treatment for an infectious disease is complete removal of the pathogen from the host and the restoration of normal physiologic function to damaged tissues. When an infectious process gains the upper hand and therapeutic intervention is essent
Explain the categorization of organisms that carry the potential for bioterrorism.
Potential agents of bioterrorism have been categorized into three levels (A, B, and C) based on risk of use, transmissibility, invasiveness, and mortality rate. The agents considered to be in the highest biothreat level - plague, tularemia smallpox, and h
In discussing the role of antibiotics in treatment of infectious diseases, you would include definitions of terms bactericidal and bacteriostatic. What are these definitions?
An antibiotic is considered bactericidal if it causes irreversible and lethal damage to the bacterial pathogen, and bacteriostatic if its inhibitory effects on bacterial growth are reversed when the agent is eliminated.
What drugs are used for HIV infections? How are these drugs classified?
The drugs used to treat HIV infections are not antibiotics or antiviral agents. They are classified as antiretroviral agents. These drugs are acyclovir, ganciclovir, vidarabine, ribavirin, zidovudine, lamivudine, didanosine, stavudine, zalcitabine, nevira
What is the term for parasitic relationships between microorganisms and the human body in which the human body is harmed?
Infectious disease. A parasitic relationship is one in which only the infection organism benefits from the relationship and the host either gains nothing from the relationship or sustains injury from the interaction. If the host sustains injury or patholo
The infectious agents that cause Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and epidemic typhus are transmitted to the human body via vector such as a tick. What are these infectious agents?
Rickettsiae. The rickettsiae are accidently transmitted to humans through the bite of the arthropod (i.e. vector) and produce a number of potentially lethal diseases, including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and epidemic typhus. Viruses, Chlamydiae, and Ehr
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a highly transmissible respiratory infection, crossed international borders in the winter of 2002. What terms are used to describe the outbreak of SARS?
Epidemic and pandemic. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was recognized in the Guangdong province in southern China beginning in November 2002. The illness was highly transmissible as evidenced by the first recognized occurrence in Taiwan. Four day
The clinical picture, or presentation of a disease in the body is called what?
Symptomatology of the disease. The term symptomatology refers to the collection of signs and symptoms expressed by the host during the disease course. This is also known as the clinical picture or disease presentation. The virulence of the disease is its
There are two criteria that have to be met in order for a diagnosis of an infectious disease to occur. What are these two criteria?
Recovery of probably pathogen and documentation of signs and symptoms compatible with an infectious process. The diagnosis of an infectious disease requires two criteria: the recovery of a probably pathogen or evidence of its presence from the infected si
Levels A, B, and C are levels assigned to potential agents of bioterrorism. What are these categorical assignments based on?
Transmissibility.Potential agents of bioterrorism have been categorized into three levels (A, B, and C) based on risk of use, transmissibility, invasiveness, and mortality rate.
Global infectious diseases are now being recognized. These diseases, known as endemic to one part of the world, are now being found in other parts of the world because of international travel and a global marketplace. What is considered a global infectiou
West Nile Virus. Aided by a global market and the case of international travel, the past 5 years has witnessed the importation or emergence of a host of novel infectious diseases. During the late summer and early fall of 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) was id
What accurately describes the stages of a disease in order?
Incubation, prodromal, acute, convalescent, and resolution. The course of any infectious disease can be divided into several distinguishable stages after the point in time in which the potential pathogen enters the host. These stages are the incubation pe
Sometimes the host's white blood cells are unable to eliminate the microorganism, but the body is able to contain the dissemination of the pathogen. What is this called?
Abscess. An abscess is a localized pocket of infection composed of devitalized tissue, microorganisms, and the host's phagocytic white blood cells: in essence, a stalemate in the infectious process. A pimple is a small papule or pustule. A lesion is a pat
Escherichia coli (E.coli) produces an exotoxin called Shiga toxin that enters the body when you eat undercooked hamburger meat and fruit juices that are not pasteurized. What can E.coli infection cause?
Hemolytic thrombocytopenia. Other exotoxins that have gained notoriety include the Shiga toxins produced by E.Coli O157:H7 and other select strains. The ingestion of undercooked hamburger meat or unpasteurized fruit juices contaminated with this organism
Transmissible neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are associated with _____.
Transmissible neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are associated with prions. Prions, protein particles that lack any kind of a demonstrable genome, have been found to cause pathologic processes in humans. The various prion-associ
_____ infections refer to vertically transmitted infections, infections that are transmitted from mother to infant.
Congenital infections refer to vertically transmitted infections, infections that are transmitted from mother to infant. When an infectious disease is transmitted from mother to child during gestation or birth, it is classified as a congenital infection.
Zoonoses
Passed from animals to humans
Perinatal infections
Passed from mother to child at birth
Opportunistic
Acquired from client's own body
Nosocomial
Health care facility
Infectious agents produce products or substances called virulence factors that make it easier for them to cause disease. Which of these are virulence factors?
a. Invasive factors
b. Prodromal factors
c. Adhesion factors
d. Toxins
e. Evasive factors
Invasive factors, Adhesion factors, Toxins, and evasive factors. Virulence factors are substances or products generated by infectious agents that enhance their ability to cause disease. Although the number and type of microbial products that fit this desc
Evasive factors, one type of virulence factor, are factors produced by infectious microorganisms to keep the host's immune system from destroying the microorganism. Which of these are evasive factors?
a. Capsules
b. Phospholipases
c. Collagenases
d. Slime
Capsules, Slime, and Mucous layers. A number of factors produced by microorganisms enhance virulence by evading various components of the host's immune system. Extracellular polysaccharides including capsules, slime, and mucus layers discourage engulfment