Average person has how much blood?
5-6 Liters
Hematopoiesis
Blood formation
Erythropoiesis
Regulation of RBC production
Where organ releases the hormone erythropoietin?
90% kidney, 10% liver
The hormone erythropoietin does what?
activates bone marrow to produce RBC
What does it take to form a RBC or WBC?
Vitamin b12, Folic Acid, Minerals (copper, cobalt, iron)
What are the components of Plasma ?
90-92% Water, 6-7% protein, 2-3% (fats, carbohydrates (glucose) gases (O2, CO2), chemical messsengers)
What is a RBC?
Red Blood cells contain hemoglobin, and carry oxygen throughout your body. These cells also remove waste products from your tissues. RBC's are measured in millions per cubic millimeter (mil/mm3) of blood
What is a WBC?
White blood cells are in important part of your immune system. There are many types of white blood cells, such as neutrophils. WBC's are measure in thousands per cuic milliliter (K/mm3) of blood.
Platelets are also called what?
Thrombocytes
What is a platelet (PLT)?
Platelets are very small fragments of cells about one-tenth the size of a red blood cell. Their main function is to form a clot to prevent prolonged bleeding. PLT's are measured in thousands per cubic millimeter (K/mm3 ) of blood.
What is hemoglobin (HGB)?
Hemoglobin carries oxygen and gives red blood cells their color. When you inhale, hemoglobin carries oxygen from your lungs to your tissues and when you exhale, hemoglobin passes carbon dioxide out of your body. HGB is measured in grams per ceiliter (g/dL
What is Hematocrit?
Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in realtion to your total blood volume.
Normal range of RBC?
3.58-4.99 mil/mm3
Normal range of WBC
3.4-9.6 K/mm3
Normal range of PLT?
162-380 K/mm3
Normal range of HGB?
11.1-15.0 g/dl
Bone Marrow has a long or short life span?
shot life span...the storage of circulating cells in the bone marrow is minimal
Blood is made up of?
45% blood cells and 55% plasma...it contains RBC's and WBC's but is mostly RBC.
How does the blood flow through the body?
Inferior/Superior vena cava, right atrium, triscupid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valves, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
What is the function of erythrocytes?
They carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It uses the protein hemoglobin for the purpose of picking up oxygen from the lungs and then releases it in the tissues.
Erythrocytes begin as ....
Uncommitted cells with no differentiation...could develop into a RBC or WBC
Anemia is?
Insufficient volume of erythrocytes in the blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
What is Polycythemia?
Condition in which the erythrocytes in the blood are too numerous or blood volume is excessive.
Leukocytes play a part in what?
The immune system
Leukocytes breakdown into two groups, what are they?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
What is a granulocyte?
Granulocytes have small granules of material inisde their cell membranes, which play an important role in their function because the cells can release the granules to ill bacteria, funci, and other invaders.
What is an agranulocyte?
it lacks granules in their cell membranes
What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?
Eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils
What does an eosinophil do?
They are designed to attack parasites, and they also play a role in allergic reactions.
What does a neutrophil do?
They target bacteria and fungi
What does a basophil do?
Plays a role in immune response.
What are the percentages of granulocytes within a normal adult?
50-60% neutrophils
1-4% eosinophil
<2% basophils
What WBC's are measured in differential white cell count reports?
neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes<----Always have a total of 100%
What is a CBC (Complete Blood Count) used for?
blood test used to evaluate overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, like anemia, infection or leukemia.
What does a CBC measure
whether you blood is carrying oxygen by the rbc's
the number of WBC's are its ability to fight off infection
Hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein
The bloods proportion of RBC's to plasma or Hematocrit
PLT's which help with clotting
How are anemia's classified?
By their cause...or by their affect size, shape or substance of erythrocyte
Ends is cytic it means what?
It has been classified by cell size
Ends in chromic means what?
Hemoglobin content
What does B12 help?
Helps form mylein, which insulates nerves
Helps to produce energy from metabolism of fat and protein
Helps to produce hemoglobin, Which is the component of your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your cells<---This is why you are fatigued when you hav
What does B12 reduce?
Homocysteine level, which lowers your risk of stroke, heart disease, cancer, Parkinson's, Alzheimers disease, and many degenerative diseases.
B12 regulates?
Growth, maintenance, and reproduction of all of your cells.
B12 gives you what?
Increased energy, restored mental clarity, and helps with memory loss and reduces daily stress and irritability
Signs of B12 Deficiency?
Chronic Fatigue- macrocytic/megaloblastic anemia
Unexplained numbness or tingling of arms and legs
Anxiety and irritability/depression
Digestive problems like sore tongue, loss of appetite, and constipation and poor hair
Macrocytic-Normochromic means?
Large stem cells (Macrocytic)- large erythrocytes in thickness and volume
Normochomic- normal amount of hemoglobin
Caused by a deiciency of B12 and folic acid
Cells die prematurely causing a decrease in the numbers in circulating blood causing anemia
Two types of Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemia are?
Pernicious Anemia and Folate Deficiency Anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Caused by LACK OF B12
- you don't have the intrinsic factor which is needed to absorb the B12
-Intrinsic factor def...could be congenital
Pernicious Anemia is associated with?
Autoimmune diseases of the endocrine system
Pernicious Anemia can be cause by?
Alcohol, hot tea, smoking, the removal of partial or complete stomach
Clinical Manifestations of Pernicious Anemia?
1st- mood wings, infections, cardiac and GI Ailments but could go unnoticed.
Severe - weakness, fatigue, paraesthesia of feet and fingers, difficulty swallowing, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss, sore red beefy tongue
How to diagnose Pernicious Anemia?
By blood tests, bone marrow aspiration, serologic tests, gastric biopsy, Schilling test which uses cobalt isotopes to evaluate the intrinsic factor production
Folate Deficiency Anemia
Folate is essential for RNA and DNA synthesis
Completely lacks folate and is completely dependent upon diet for this vitamin
Who is at risk for Folate Deficiency Anemia?
Fad diets, alcoholics at risk, diet low in vegetables
Clinical Manifestations of Folate Deficiency Anemia?
-Similar to malnourished state like PA
Scale and Fissures (Cheiliosis), stomatitis, ulceration of the tongue and others.
How to diagnose Folate Deficiency Anemia?
Blood Tests- measure of serum folate
Treat with admin of folate, improve-diet including folic acid
What is Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia?
Abnormally small erythrocytes
Small amounts of hemoglobin
Two types of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia?
Iron Deficiency and sideroplastic Anemia
What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?
Deficiency of iron in the blood which results in a lower hemoglobin and oxygen carrying ability.
What is the most common type of Anemia?
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Who has a higher risk of having Iron Deficiency Anemia?
People in developing countries, and females especially in reproductive years
Main Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia?
Pregnancy and blood loss
It also develops in three stages
What are the clinical manifestations of Iron Deficiency Anemia?
Gradual onset of fatigue weakness and pain early
Severe-Changes in epithelial tissue, concave and brittle nails, tongue papillary atrophy, dry mouth causing difficulty swalling
Is the component of many enzymes so can also problems like gastritis, neuromus
What is Sideroplastic Anemia?
Heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by anemia of varying severity because of inefficient iron uptake that results in abnormal hemoglobin synthesis
What causes Sideroplastic Anemia?
Altered hemoglobin synthesis in the erythrocytes cells in the bone marrow--Hereditary and Reversible
Clinical Manifestations of Sideroplastic Anemia?
Iron overload (Hemosiderosis) to show in liver enlargement (hepatomegaly) spleen enlargement (spleenomegaly)
Skin color abnormal
How to diagnose and treat sideroplastic Anemia?
Diagnose through bone marrow biopsy noting the presence of sideroblasts
Treat- Hereditary with pyridoxine therapy
Chelation Therapy
What is Chelation therapy?
It is the admin of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body.
Normocytic-Normochromic Anemia
Cells are normal in size and also in their hemoglobin content but are insufficient in numbers
What are Myeloproliferative Red Blood Cell Disorders?
Overproduction of cells and deficiency
One or more elements over produced in response to exo or endogenous signals in the body
Two types of Myeloproliferative Blood Cell Disorders?
Polycythemia Vera and Iron Overload
What is Polycythemia Vera?
Overproduction of RBC's
abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells with self destruction of RBC's
Occurs regardless of normal erythropoiesis
Unknown underlying cause
What are the Clinical Manifestations of Polycythemia Vera?
Symptoms are caused by the increased blood volume and increased viscosity
Tissue injury and coaguation problems
UNIQUE FEATURE- development of intense painful itching that appears intensified by het or exposure to water. Realted to concentration of mast c
Mast cells are?
is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Although best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis, mast cells play an important protective role as well, being intimately involved in woun
How do you diagnose and treat polycythemia vera?
Diagnose- through blood tests showing and increase in red blood cells and in total blood volume. RBCs can look normal but Anisocytosis may be present.
Treat- reduce RBC proliferationthrough phlebotomy or using Hydroxyurea for myelosupporession (bone marro
What is anisocytosis?
assuming various sizes of RBC's
What is poikilocytosis?
assuming various sizes of RBC's
What is Iron Overload?
Hereditary Hemochromoatosis
Inherited autosomal recessive disorder
Caused by mutations in the genes that are responsible for iron uptake
Increase gastrointestinal iron absorption with susequent tissue deposition
Iron is deposited into liver, pancreas, hea
Clinical Manifestations of Iron Overload?
Fatigue, malaise, abdominal pain, impotence, arthralgia, hepatomegaly
How do you diagnose Iron Overload?
Elevations in serum iron levels, transferrin saturation and ferritin levels
What is Transferrin?
are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron in biological fluids.Human transferrin is encoded by the TF gene
Transferrin glycoproteins bind iron very tightly, but reversibly. Although iron bound to transferrin is less t
What are Quantitative Alterations Leukocytes?
Increase or decrease in numbers of leukocytes in the blood.
What is Leukocytosis?
Higher than normal number of luekocytes
Causes of Leukocytosis?
Infections, emotions, temperature changes, surgery, anesthesia can cause the body to overproduce white blood cells.
What is Leukopenia?
Too few leukocytes present or lower than normal.
<1000/mm
With Leukopenia you run a great risk of what?
Infection...can be caused by radiation, anaphylacitc shock, and autoimmune disorders.
Granulocytosis
increase in granulocytes
Lymphocytosis
rare in acute bacterial infections most often seen in acute viral infection
Lymphocytopenia
abnormalities of lymphocyte production, destruction by drugs viruses, radiation, and more
Leukemia
uncontrolled proliferations of malignant leukocytes (Qualitative)
Types of Leukemia
ALL- Acute Lymphocytic
AML- Acute mylegenous
CLL_ Chronic lymphocytic
CML- Chronic mylegenous
Environmental risk factos
smoking, exposure to benzene, and ionizing radiation
Leukemia is ofter hard to ....
diagnose early leading to bigger complications
Treat leukemia with
chemotherapy, blood transfusions, antiungals, antivirals, antibiotics, or a bone marrow transplant
Lymphoid organs do what?
Defend the body against invading pathogens that cause infections or spread of tumors...these organs consist of cognitive tissues with diff types of leukocytes or WBC. organs include bone marrow or thymus
Where is spleen located?
Upper left corner of the abdomen, just behind the stomach
What does the spleen do?
filters blood then destroys the infected or old RBC
With the spleen humans are?
mores susceptible to infections
What is spleenomegaly?
Enlarged spleen
May become overactive producing a condition called hypersplenism.
What is thrombocytopenia
Reduction in the number of circulating platelets?
What is thrombocythemia?
platelet count greater than normal at 400,000mm3 of blood
MM3 means?
thousands per cubic millimeter of blood
What is idiopathic thrombocytopenia?
unknown cause, immune in nature
S&S
minor, bleeding, petechiae, purpura
mmajor hemorrhage from mucosa epistaxis hematuria, menorrhagis, bleeding gums
What is DIC?
Dissemnated Intravascular Coagulation
can be fatal
widespread activation of coagulation, fibrin clots through the body