Blood plasma is referred to as:
intravascular fluid.
A 35-year-old male weights 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is intracellular fluid?
28 L
Elderly individuals are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have:
a decreased lean body mass.
Which of the following conditions would decrease oncotic pressure in the capillaries?
Liver failure
Water movement between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments is determined by:
osmotic forces.
An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid movement into the interstitial space?
Increase interstitial oncotic pressure
Water balance is closely related to _____ balance.
sodium
A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
A 10-year-old male is brought to the ER because he is incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as:
localized edema.
A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates that the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following would be expected to result from this condition?
Increased urine osmolality
A 25-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which of the following would be expected to accompany this condition?
Decreased blood K+ levels
Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of:
sodium.
A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the physician orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic IV solution. Which of the following would be expected?
Intracellular dehydration
Which of the following conditions is the most significant risk factor for developing hypernatremia?
Dehydration
The most common cause of pure water deficit is:
renal water loss.
Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are associated with:
hypertonic hyponatremia.
A 52-year-old diabetic male presents to the ER with lethargy, confusion, and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
Hypertonic hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia causes:
an increase in resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle.
Which of the following would most likely cause hypochloremia?
Increased bicarbonate
Which of the following would result in hyperkalemia?
Acute acidosis
Long-term potassium deficits result in damage to the:
kidneys.
A 42-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition?
Primary hyperaldosteronism
A 19-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition?
Acidosis
A 60-year-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which of the following would be an expected symptom?
Oliguria
Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system?
HCO3/H2CO3
Regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the:
lungs.
Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of:
20/1.
One cause of metabolic alkalosis is:
excessive loss of Cl-.
Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis?
Renal failure
Causes of respiratory acidosis include:
pneumonia.
A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. The most likely diagnosis is:
respiratory acidosis.
Chronic compensation for respiratory acidosis includes:
kidney excretion of H+.
A 55-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation