Salivary a-amylase (ptyalin) initiates the digestion of:
carbohydrates
Analysis of a sample of normal saliva would most likely reveal:
IgA
The _____ cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid.
parietal
Which sphincter prevents reflux of digested material from the colon into the small intestine?
Ileocecal valve
The _____ reflex inhibits gastric motility when the ileum becomes overdistended.
ileogastric
The vomiting reflex can be stimulated by:
severe pain.
The most common disorder associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding is:
esophageal varices.
A 52-year-old presents with bleeding from the rectum. This condition is referred to as:
hematochezia.
A 50-year-old male is experiencing reflux of chyme from the stomach. He is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. This condition is caused by:
loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter.
Reflux esophagitis is defined as:
an inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux.
The cardinal sign of pyloric stenosis caused by ulceration or tumors is:
vomiting.
A 40-year-old female develops an intestinal obstruction that causes injury to the gut lumen proximal to the obstruction. This condition is related to:
decreased blood flow from increasing intraluminal pressure.
A 42-year-old female presents with abdominal discomfort, epigastric tenderness, and bleeding. Gastroscopy reveals degeneration of the gastric mucosa in the body and fundus of the stomach. Which of the following would most likely follow?
Pernicious anemia
A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease. This condition is most likely caused by:
breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions.
A 46-year-old female is diagnosed with gastric ulcers. This disease is associated with:
an increased risk of gastric cancer.
A 22-year-old male underwent brain surgery to remove a tumor. Following surgery, he experienced a peptic ulcer. His ulcer is referred to as a(n) _____ ulcer.
Cushing
A 24-year-old male sustained a head injury and fractured femur. He develops an ulcer caused by:
overstimulation of the vagus nerve.
Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of:
fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
A 50-year-old male complains of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. A possible diagnosis would be:
ulcerative colitis.
The most common cause of chronic mesenteric (vascular) insufficiency is:
atherosclerosis.
The risk of hypovolemic shock is high with acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency because:
ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability and fluid is shifted to the bowel wall and peritoneum.
Common symptoms of acute vascular insufficiency include:
cramping abdominal pain and abdominal distention.
Intrahepatic obstructive jaundice is characterized by elevated levels of serum:
unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin.
A 40-year-old female presents with right flank pain. Testing reveals severe hepatic necrosis, encephalopathy, and organ failure. From which of the following types of hepatitis is she most likely suffering?
B
Shock can develop with acute pancreatitis for which of the following reasons?
Vasoactive inflammatory mediators are released into the bloodstream.
A newborn male is diagnosed with cleft palate. The pediatrician counsels the parents that if left uncorrected, the child will probably suffer from:
excessive dental decay.
A sign that a newborn infant is suffering from pyloric stenosis is:
vomiting after feeding.
An 8-week-old female is diagnosed with a congenital heart disease and Down syndrome. Her parents report that she has difficulty defecating. X-ray reveals anorectal malformation that causes complete obstruction often referred to as:
anal stenosis.
Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of:
protein.
A 1-week-old female is brought to her pediatrician for abdominal distention and unstable temperature. Physical examination reveals bradycardia and apnea. Tests reveal hypoxic injury to the bowel resulting in bacterial invasion and perforation. This condit
necrotizing enterocolitis.
Prolonged diarrhea is more serious in children than adults because:
fluid reserves are lower in children.
The primary clinical manifestation of biliary atresia is:
jaundice.
Early identification and treatment for metabolic disorders is important because:
permanent damage to vital organs can be prevented.