The region of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli is the:
cortex
The nephrons that determine the concentration of the urine are _____ nephrons.
juxtamedullary
Plasma proteins are not commonly found in the urine because:
the negative charge of the glomerular filtration membrane repels the plasma proteins.
Just before entering the ureter, urine passes through the:
renal pelvis
Which of the following structures supplies blood to the medulla?
Vasa recta
The trigone is defined as:
a triangular area between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra
On average the kidneys receive approximately _____ of the cardiac output.
20% to 25%
On average, what percentage of renal plasma flow to the glomerulus is filtered into the Bowman capsule?
20%
The renin-angiotensin system will be activated by:
decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles
The percentage of filtered sodium that is subsequently reabsorbed back into the plasma in the renal tubules is 99.5%. The majority of this sodium reabsorption takes place in the:
proximal tubule
The descending segment of the loop of Henle primarily allows for:
water reabsorption
Reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts requires which of these hormones?
Antidiuretic hormone
A 35-year-old hypertensive male begins taking a diuretic. Which of the following is a common side effect of this medication?
Hypokalemia
A 25-year-old male has a severe kidney obstruction leading to removal of the affected kidney. Which of the following would be expected to occur?
Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney
The most common type of renal stone is composed of:
calcium
A 35-year-old male received a traumatic brain injury in a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a lesion above the pontine micturition center. Which of the following would be expected?
Detrusor hyperreflexia
A 19-year-old female was involved in a motor vehicle accident during which she sustained a closed head injury. She is now experiencing detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. Which of the following is the most beneficial treatment?
Alpha 1-blocker
A complicated urinary tact infection:
occurs in individuals with other health problems
A 28-year-old female presents with fever, chills, and flank pain. She is diagnosed with pyelonephritis. Her infection is located in the:
renal pelvis
A 29-year-old female presents with flank pain and fever. She is most likely suffering from:
pyelonephritis
A 30-year-old male is demonstrating hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day, with albumin being the major protein. The most probable diagnosis is:
acute glomerulonephritis
A 35-year-old female was severely burned and is hospitalized. She is now suffering from acute tubular necrosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Intrarenal
A 45-year-old female presents with hypertension, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and anemia. She is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Anemia in this patient is caused by:
inadequate production of erythropoietin.
Anemia accompanies chronic renal failure because of:
inadequate production of erythropoietin.
Pruritus, seen in patients with end-stage renal disease, is caused by high levels of:
calcium