grouped them in threes based on similar qualities. The middle element was always the average mass of the other two
How did Johann Wolfgang D�bereinger group elements. What trend was shown in this
grouped them in a single file line fashion based on increasing atomic mass. Elements that were eight spaces away from eachother had similar qualities
How did John Newlands group the elements, what trends were shown in this
groups them in vertical columns distinguishing them by their qualities. He also arranged them in increasing order of atomic mass, and left empty spaces for outlier elements or undiscovered ones.
How did Dmitri Mendeleev group the elements
that atoms were mostly empty space with positively charged nucleuses
what did rutherfords gold foil experiment tell us about the makeup of an atom?
fired xrays (electrons) at different elements. This helped in determining their proton count, and how they should be ordered on the periodic table (atomic number = proton number)
What did Henry Mosely do, and how did this help in the arrangement of the periodic table?
the physical and chemical properties of elements are arranged with increasing atomic number
What is the periodic law?
groups/ families
What are the vertical columns called on the periodic table
periods
what are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called
the atom is a small particle with a small central positive nucleus surrounded by constantly moving negatively charged particles
What is the Bohr Model (or the rutherford-bohr model) of the atom?
the location and energy of the electrons around the nucleus can be described by shell, subshell, and orbital
what is the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom
distance of the electron from the nucleus (designated by n) (example, 1st shell, 2nd shell, etc)
What is a shell (in atomic terms)
volume of space around atomic nuclei in which electrons move groups of orbitals with the same n value from the subshells (basically just the pair of electrons on a shell)
What is an orbital
division of a shell (s, p, d , f)
What is a subshell
valence electrons
Elements in the same groups have the same number of what
if two electrons occupy the same space orbital one spins up and the other down
Whats the paul exclusion principal
electrons each go to one orbital before going back and filling them
what is hunds rule
they take one electron from the latest s group and donate it to the p or d group, making the s group half filled
elements that make exceptions in electron configuration do what
it will often create half or filled subshells which create a more stable element
why do some elements make an exception when doing electron configuration
last highest energy electron in an element
What is a distinguishing electron
groups 1-2 and 13-18
What are the representative elements
groups 3-12
What are the transition elements
lanthanide and actinide series
What are the inner transition elements
metal
what type of element is this (metal, non-metal, metalloid), good conductor of heat and electricity, ductile, malleable, shiny luster
nonmetal
What type of element is this (metal, non-metal, metalloid), brittle and powdery, gases, right side of periodic table
metalloid
What type of element is this (metal, non-metal, metalloid), semi conductors of electricity, in the middle of metal and non-metals
down and to the left (Fr is most metallic)
What directions do metallic properties of metals increase?
up and to the right (F is most non-metal)
What direction does non-metalic properties increase
top to bottom
what direction does size increase on the periodic table
down and to the right (more protons = more pull on the electrons, drawing them closer)
what direction does size decrease on the periodic table
the amount of energy it takes to take an electron away from an element
What is ionization energy
group 1, doesn't include H, active metals, very soft, very active and activity increases downwards
Describe the alkaline metal family
group 2, not as active as group 1, ductile and malleable, hard (ductile and malleable)
Describe the alkaline earth family
group 13, boron being a metalloid thus being excluded from these traits, good conductors of heat and electricity, soft and reactive
describe the aluminum family
group 14, overall very stable
describe the carbon family
nitrogen family
what is group 15
group 16, active nonmetals
describe the oxygen family
group 17, typically form salts with elements from groups 1 & 2, active non-metals (flourine being the most active)
describe the halogen family
group 18, stable and non-reactive, colorless, orderless, tasteless, nonflammable in standard form
Describe the noble gas family
metals, often form colored compounds and are used in paint pigments
describe transition elements
alkali metal family
what family is this
alkaline earth metal family
what family is this
aluminum family
what family is this
carbon family
what family is this
nitrogen family
what family is this
Oxygen family
what family is this
halogen family
what family is this
noble gas family
what family is this
transition elements
what elements are these
lanthanide
what elements are these
actinides
what elements are these
non-metal
what kind of element are these (metal, non-metal, metalloid)
metal
what kind of element are the white (metal, non-metal, metalloid)
metalloid
what kind of element are these (metal, non-metal, metalloid)