Real or imagines pressure to change behavior, attitudes, or beliefs.
Social Influence
Perceived comfort, caring assistance, and information that a person receives from others. Size of one's social network. Amount/type of support received.
Social support
What are the types of social support?
- Instrumental
- Emotional
- Informational
- Companionship
- Validation
Providing tangible, practical assistance that will help a person achieve exercise goals. (physical things you can give someone)
Instrumental support
The expression of encouragement, caring empathy, and concern toward a person "you did a good job" or your mom watching you as a kid usually have this support.
Emotional support
Giving direction, advice, or suggestions on how to exercise and providing feedback regarding to exerciser's progress.
Informational Support
The availability of people with whom one can exercise, such as a friend, family member or exercise group
Companionship support
Comparing oneself with others in order to gage progress and validate the one's thoughts, ideas, problems, and experiences are "normal
Validation Support
Role model is an example of what kind of support?
Validation Support
You decide to change plans in order to exercise with a friend. What kind of support is offered?
Companionship support
You offer compliments on how well the client is progressing. What kind of support is offered?
Emotional Support
Social support plays an important role in _________ behavior.
Exercise Behavior
What is the most effective type of support?
It depends on the needs of that person at a given time.
Do social support needs differ between sexes?
Yes
What type of support do guys typically need?
Informational support because guys care about how to win and doing better in the activity.
What type of support do girls typically need?
Social and companionship, girls like to join a group together.
What kind of support do kids need?
Emotional (watching them) and instrumental (money)
What kind of support do older people need?
Information support (how to do it)
What are some sources of support and influence?
- Spouses/partners
- Parents and other family members
- Health care providers
- Exercise leaders/instructors
- Co-exercisers and observers
Trying to collect all research outcomes around the world.
Meta-analysis
The strength of the finding higher effect size. there will be a strong impact on social inferences on human exercise behaviors.
Higher effect size
Some people you may have a stronger impact, if you try to manipulate the five factors may influence you to exercise more.
Small to medium effectt size
Logistical/instrumental as well as emotional and companionship support. Validation and role models.
Parental support.
What are some sources of family support?
- Decrease in dropout rates
- Reminders and encouragement; also, perception of nagging
- Spousal help for mothers with small children
What disorder do dogs have a special bond too?
Autistic children
Respond in opposite direction to the one being advocated. In response to pressure or being made to feel guilty.
Behavioral reactance.
Types of transformational leadership behaviors:
- Idealized influence
- Inspirational motivation
- Intellectual stimulation
- Individualized consideration
Goal oriented
Idealized influence
Start to motivate others in groups
Inspirational motivation
ask for advice, help base upon each person's needs
Intellectual stimulation
some student still have trouble, so consider anything else to do in order to help
Individualized consideration
How can cohesion be increased during exercise class?
- Develop feelings of distinctiveness among group members
- Assign group roles and/or positions
- Establish group norms
- Provide opportunities to make sacrifices for the group
- Provide opportunities for interaction
What are the benefits of a team-building intervention?
An easy and effective way to improve exercise adherence among people of all ages.
How does cohesion foster adherence?
Foster more positive attitudes toward class attendance.
More social support and interaction
Theory of planned behavior.
Other people in an exerciser's environment can influence behavior. When you stay in the environment, people around you may increase or decrease your behavior
Social Facilitation
Underlying, relatively stable, psychological structures and processes that organize human experience and shape a person's actions and reactions to the environment. Individuals unique, but psychological make-up
Personality
Developed from early environmental interactions
Personality core
Variable, daily behaviors influenced by the particular context we are in most easily changed.
Role related
How is behavior best explained?
By an individuals reaction to the environment
Personality is derived from
Stable, enduring attributes that lead to consistent responses over time/situations.
Relationship between body shape and personality
Constitutional
The stronger the relationship the higher it is.
Correlation
Underweight and shy
Ecto morph
Overweight
Endomorph
Athletic
Mesomorph
The degree of relationship between the variables under consideration is a measure through the
Correlation Analysis
Variables change in the same direction
Positive relationship
Variables change in opposite directions
Negative relationship
Relatively enduring dispositions that exert a consistent influence on behavior in a variety of situations
Trait
The psychological reaction to the situation in which the individual finds him/herself.
States
Emphasis is placed on the person rather than on the situation or the environment
Trait Theories
Are though to reflect motivational systems that increase adaptation to positive or negative stimuli.
Traits
Dimensions of Eysenck's Personality Theory
- Extroversion-Introversion (E)
- Neuroticism (Emotionality)-Stability (N)
- Psychoticism-Superego (P)
Mediated by the reticular formation. Driven by level of arousal in the cortex of the brain and is expected to have an influential relationship on pain threshold, pain sensitivity, and/or pain tolerance.
Extraversion- introversion (E)
Hyper, active, outgoing, optimistic High E
Extraversion
Negative, more passive, conserved, careful lower E
Introversion
Part of the brain stem. High E will open gate more so more hyper will receive more info at the same time. Low E will feel tired easily and sensitive to pain.
Reticular Formation
Associated with activity of the limbic system and ANS
Neuroticism-stability
Worry to much and overthink, may freak out
High N
Do whatever exercise and more willing to try different things.
Low N
Driven by hormonal function, by elevated androgen levels (testosterone) and the relative absence of serotonin
Psychoticism-superego
What kind of person will be more physically active?
High E and Low N
Exercise could lead to increased stimulation, and thus lead to adoption/adherence to exercise routine.
Extroversion
Exercise might contribute to more stable, less neurotic personality.
Neuroticism
16 factors describe the essence of personality.
Cattle
Combination of various primary factors
Second-order factors
Individuals with high levels of fitness would have lower anxiety and neuroticism; greater emotional stability, placidity, and relaxation
Cattell's Personality
Individuals with lower levels of anxiety and neuroticism would respond favorably to intense physical training.
Cattell's Personality
OCEAN
5 factor system
O
Openness to experience
C
Conscientiousness
E
Extraversion-Introversion
A
Agreeableness
N
Neuroticism
Higher label of determination, will do exercise more, may perform different sports, stage of change, precom, com, action, maintenance, terminate
C
Exercise intensity, higher label of state
E
Everything is negative, drop of exercise earlier, do not want to change current lifestyle, will stay in pre and complimation
N
2 factors have positive (higher label more exercise behavior) relationship. What are they?
C & E
What factor is negative?
N
Agressive, competitive, impatient, hostile. High level of E and N
Type A Pattern Behavior
Lower E and N
Type B
The way in which we see or define ourselves
self-concept
The extent to which one feels positive or negative about one's self-concept.
Self-esteem