luddite
person who felt that mechanization was taking jobs from the working class. this type of person protested mechanization by smashing machines
john wesley
social and religious reformer who tried to bring christianity and education to the working poor. he was the founder of methodism
methodism
denomination in christianity that believed in the importance of having a personal relationship with god. early methodists took this message of hope into the slums to help alleviate the suffering of the poor
Urbanization
movement of people to the cities. factors that caused rapid urbanization in england were: changes in farming (enclosure), soaring population growth, and a demand for more workers
Thomas Malthus
leading economist in the early Industrial Revolution. he argued that the population was growing faster than the food supply. he predicted that there would always be famine, disease, war, and poverty as long as the population grew. he suggested lower class
Iron Law of Wages
economic theory presented by david ricardo. he argued that if wages went up, people would have more children, which would lead to more workers and lower wages. people would remain poor. he suggested that lower classes have fewer children
Jeremy Bentham
leading utilitarian thinker from the early industrial age. he argued that the government must pass some laws that protected the workin class from exploitation. he also argued that women and all working class people should be granted suffrage
utopians
socialists that tried to create "perfect" communities during the Industrial Revolutions. in these communities there was no private property and all work and profits were shared equally. most communities failed
Communist Manifesto
Book written by Karl Marx. it suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. this book was the blue
Thomas Newcomen
This man invented the steam engine
james watt
this man improved the steam engine to the point that it became vital part of the Industrial Revolution. his engine powered the industrial revolution
Abraham Darby
this man began using coal to smelt iron and developed a process to remove the impurities from iron that coal created. his family was the leader of the iron industry in Britain
robert fulton
this man created the first steam boat
factories
places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods
turnpike
privately built roads where travelers had to pay a fee to use them
enclosure movement
process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers
Charles Townshend
encouraged to plant turnips in fields as you rotated the crops because turnips replenished minerals to the soil
jethro tull
invented the seed drill
Robert Bakewell
developed and encouraged the technique of selective breeding to make better farm animals
john kay
invited the flying shuttle, the first machine to weave cloth
James Hargreaves
invented the spinning jenny, an early machine for spinning wool or cotton into thread
Richard Arkwright
Invented the water frame, an early machine for spinning wool or cotton into thread
Karl Marx
known as the "Father of Communism". he called for a worldwide revolution of the working class
David Ricardo
developed the iron law of wages
Eli Whitney
Inventor of the cotton gin. this machine picked seeds from cotton, thus making cotton production profitable
smelt
process of separating iron form iron ore