pop culture
systems of artifacts most people share and know about (tv, music, videos)
folk culture
traditional culture not practiced for financial profit, not controlled by industry, not driven by profit ex: oktoberfest
Four characteristics of popular culture
1. produced by culture industries=within a capitalist system- view products of pop culture as commodities to be sold for profit. 2. different from folk culture 3. it is everywhere 4. fills as a social function
cultural imperialism
domination through the spread of cultural products
media imperalism
domination or control through the media
electronic imperialism
domination or exploitation utilizing technological forms
interpersonal conflict
conflict that occurs between individuals rather than groups or nations
political conflict
conflict that happens at the societal level over political issues
international conflict
conflict that occurs on the international level, often between nations
conflict
involves a perceived or real incompatibility of goals, values, expectations, processes, or outcomes between two or more interdependent individuals or groups.
what are the characteristics of intercultural conflict?
ambiguity, language issues, contradictory conflict styles
affective conflict
aware that feelings and emotions are incompatible
conflict of interests
have incompatible preferences for a course of action or plan to pursue
value conflict
have differing idealogies
cognitive conflict
two or more people become aware that their thought processes or perceptions are in conflict
goal conflicts
when people disagree about a preferred outcome or end state
facework
refers to specific communication strategies we use to "save" our own or another persons face and is a universal concept
Direct approach to conflict
emphasizes that conflict is fundamentally a good thing and should be approached head on
indirect approach to conflict
emphasizes that conflict should be avoided includes pacifism an opposition to the use of force under any circumstances
emotionally expressive
style where intense and overt displays of emotions are valued during discussion of disagreements
Restraint
style where disagreements are best discussed in an emotionally calm manner
discussion style
combines direct and emotionally restrained dimensions and emphasizes a verbally direct approach for dealing with disagreements.
engagement style
emphasizes a verbally direct and confrontational approach to dealing with conflict
accommodation style
emphasizes indirect approach for dealing with conflict and a more emotionally restrained manner
dynamic style
uses an indirect style of communicating along with a more emotionally intense expressiveness
peacebuilding
working toward equilibrium and stability in a society so new disputes do not escalate into violence and war
intergroup dialogue
one of several strategies in peacebuilding
facilitated intergroup dialogue
dialogue focuses on the power of speaking and being understood
forgiveness
strategy used around the world to break the trap of conflict
challenges of intercultural relationships
motivation, differences in communication styles, values & perceptions, negative stereotypes, anxiety, affirming another persons culture, identity and the need for explanations
similarity principle
tend to be attracted to people with similar attitude to ours
complementarity
tend to seek out people with different personality traits to provide balance
unconscious incompetence
be yourself" approach/ not conscious of cultural differences- does not see need to act in any particular way.
conscious incompetence
realize things may not be going very well but not sure why
conscious competence
focuses on analytic thinking & learning-reaching this level is necessary part of process of becoming a competent communicator but not sufficent
unconscious competence
level at which communication goes smoothly but not a conscious process- achieve it when analytic and holistic parts of our brains function together
4 styles of interaction
submission, compromise, obliteration, consensus
submission
one partner accepts culture of other partner; abandoning or denying his/her own.
compromise
each partner gives up some parts of his/her culturally bond habits and beliefs to accommodate the other
obliteration
both partners deal with differences by attempting to erase their individual cultures
consensus
based on agreement and negotiation but not a trade off
biomedical science
dominant model of medicine in the U.S. and many westernized nations
alternative medicine
a medical approach that goes against the norms of the medical establishment (Chinese medicine)
physician- patient relationships:
strict paternalism, benevolent deception, contractual honesty, unmitigated honesty
strict paternalism
a physicians provision misinformation for the supposed benefit of the patient
benevolent deception
withholding information from a patient, ostensibly for his or her own good
contractual honesty
telling a patient only what he or she wants to know
unmitigated honesty
a physicians communication of the entirety of a medical diagnosis to a patient
ethics committees
staffed by health car professionals, religious leaders, and social workers are used to help make decisions about ethics.
contact hypothesis
the notion that only under very specific conditions do intercultural contacts result in positive and tolerant attitudes toward the other groups