fingerprints were used as _______________ in history
signatures
criminal identification first done by a system of body measurements called ___________________
anthropometry
system used 11 body measurements to identify an individual
Bertillon's anthropometry
sir Edward Richard henry invented a system for ___________________ fingerprints in the year of 1897 and was adopted by Scotland yard four years later and is used today around the world
classification
allowed fingerprints records to be searched ___________________________ so matching one print would be difficult
based on all 10 prints
dermal papilla where ____________ form
fingerprints
fingerprints are..
friction ridge skin patterns
the patterns are found on ___________, palms, toes, soles of feet
fingers
fingerprints are composed of ridges (____________) and furrows (_______________)
hills, valleys
fingerprints are developed in early __________________ development
embryonic
fingerprints pattern based on genetics, detail somewhat ______________
random
identical twins _____________ have identical fingerprints
do not
fingerprints are categorized by pattern and ___________
minutiae
loop pattern has ____ delta(s)
one
whorl pattern has ___ delta(s)
two
arch pattern has ___ delta(s)
no
in loop pattern there are two focal points, the _______ or the center of the loop, and the delta.
core
the delta is the area of the pattern where there is a triangular or a dividing of the _________
ridges
when recording fingerprints the delta and the area between the delta and the core must be completely _____________
recorded
whorl patter will have two or more _________, for a whorl pattern all deltas and he areas between them must be recorded.
deltas
the _________ pattern has no delta or core but it too must be fully record so that its individual characteristics can be readily distinguishable
arch
how are fingerprints analyzed?
minutiae
computer software compares the location of these _____________
_minutiae_
computer system stores patterns and _____________________
minutiae of prints
AFIS:
automated fingerprint identification system
types of fingerprints: visible-
left by dirt, grease, blood, etc. does not need processing
types of fingerprints: impressions-
indentation in soft material (butter, putty, tar, mud) does not need processing
types of fingerprints: latent-
requires processing to make visible and suitable for analysis
what are the invisible components?
multiple sweat glands secrete onto fingerprints, palms, etc.
sweat contains:
inorganic ions (NA, CL) proteins, amino acids, lipids, other
development and collection: scene or lab? no rule:________________ fingerprints must be photographed after development
depends on situation
physical development: dusting. apply powder to ____________________ powder adheres to print
latent print or area
physical development: dusting. apply powder to latent print or area powder ________________. magnetic brush and powder
adheres to print
chemical development: silver nitrate-
no longer used (messy, not sensitive) silver reacts with Cl-ions in print
chemical development: iodine fuming-
iodine sublines (solid-gas) iodine reacts with lipid components, becomes trapped in the print. fuming wand or chamber
chemical development: ninhydrin-
reacts with amino acids painted or sprayed on area. heated to react
chemical development: super glue fuming-
fumes with heat or base (NaOH) fumed in cabinets off-white print
chemical development: ninhydrin and super glue prints can. further processed: _______________ chemically treated to fluoresce (used laser or alternative light)
dusted
collection of prints: tape lift-
tape placed over developed print tape then placed on white card
collection of prints: sometimes a ___________ will be the only permanent recorded
photograph
if finger has no delta it is an __________
arch
if a fingerprint has two or more deltas it is a ___________
loop
if a fingerprint has one delta it is a _____________-
whorl