We will need to increase food production by _____% to meet global demands by the year 2050
70%
Pulses
-highly nutritious
-economically accessible
-contribute to food security
-important health benefits
-foster agricutlture and contribute to climate change migration and adaptation
-promote biodiversity
Which country consumes the most meat
USA
_______ children are hungry
1/4
Innovation
What is :
desirable
viable in market place
possible with technology
What influences our eating habits today?
...
Instrumental Eating
eating out of necessity
Savoring occasion
more culinary driven food experience
What is the #1 driver of food purchases
Flavor
__% Americans adventurous eaters and ___% are open to trying new flavors
57% adventorous
82% open to trying new flavors
Common Flavors
-sweet and heat
-sour, bitter, and tangy
-umami
-smoke and oak
-middle eastern and north african
Average American spends less than ___% of annual income on food
10%
On typical day __% of americans eat out
44%
What is involves in food production
-industrial scale
-safe food
-high quality food
-healthy food
Although public accepts benefits of food supply(value, consistency, convenience) a _______ _____________ of " processed foods" exists among consumers
...
Why is food preserved?
-to slow down the activity of disease causing bacteria
- to kill the bacteria all together
Different ways food can be preserved
refrigeration, canning, irradiation, dehydration, freeze drying, salting, pickling, pasteurizing, fermentation, chemical preservation
Nicholas Appert
Father of canning
-devised a method of canning for food preservation in armies for Napoleon in 1810
House of Appert
-proved heat killed bacteria 100 years before Louis Pasteur
-patendted and established a business
-preserved food in a variety of sealed bottles
...
?ll thick, large-??mouthed glass bottles with edibles of every description, ranging from beef, fowl, eggs, milk, and prepared dishes (even an entire mutton). Leaving enough air space at the top, the cork would then be sealed ?rmly in the jar by using a vi
Retorts
Batch or continuous process
Time and Temperature reporting
Alternative to thermal processing
Raw foods
Ultraviolet Light
Pulsed Electric fields
Many more
High Pressure Processing
-Non thermal
-Applied instantaneously and uniformly
-independent of size and shape
-Energy Efficient
-same energy needed as heat
- pressure maintained with no additional energy
-Maintains the raw character of foods
-molecular interactions
Consumer Perceptions
-Clean Label
-Consumers want safe foods without the effects of processing
-
Commercial HPP unit
-Horizontal unit
-easy to integrate into modern processing plants
- automated loading/unloading
-in package processing
-Meat processing: ready to eat deli style meats
-inactivation of L. monocytogenes and shelf life extension
-high initial investment cost
Domestication of Plants and animals
Resulted in the new way of living we know as farming(agriculture) which included both pastoralism and crop growing and development of farming communities
Pastoralism
agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep.
Between 12,000 and 1,000 BCE farming appeared ____________ in a number of places (mesoamerica, south america, africa, asia
independently
Prior to ______, population size was limited to availability of wild game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts
farming
Farming and the large relatively dependable crops it provides allowed for
population intesification
Population intensification
this means population increases in certain areas. Populations in those areas became both larger and denser
What does surplus food production mean?
not everyone has to grow food or tend animals. They can take on other tasks and specialize in non farming tasks.
Job specialization and civilization
three ways nations acquire wealth
1. War
2. Commerce
3. Agriculture
Inovation of the refrigerated rail car and nationwide distribution
food once defined by lack of anonymity and community accountability transformed into its opposite.
Complex aspects of todays agriculture
-production
-safety
-product development
-culinary interest
vertical intergration
a corprate expansion strategy that involves controlling each step in the production and distribution of a product, from acquiring raw materials to manufacturing packaging and shipping
Selection for desirable crops
crop domestication and breeding
-changing gene pools for plants and animals
Dynamic aspects of livestock production
40% of ag output
15% of total food energy
25% dietary protein
increasing around the world
-shifting from pasture based ruminants to feed dependent mono gastric poultry to increasing globalization
-
Seafood production and aquaculture
less than 15% of average animal protein consumption
Agroecosystems
-ecosystems created by agricultural practices
-characterized by relatively low
-genetic diversity
-species diversity
-habitat diversity
5 ways agroecosystems differ from natural ecosystems
1. species diversity may be low
-farmers often practice monoculture
- monoculture tends to lower soil fertility
2. farmers plant crops in an orderly fashion-which may make pest control more difficult
3. Food chains are far more simple in agroecosystems
4.
Grain Production
-increased dramatically 1950-1990
-has leveled off since the 1990s
-top 5 countries in producing grains
-China
-US
- India
-Canada
-Ukraine
Food System parts
-Farm
-processing
-packaging of slaughter
-distribution
-transport
-foodservice
-supermarket
-home
Food Services before regulations
-food production de-emohasized quality, emphasized cost and productivity
-investing in quality and safety was an economic and competitive disadvantage
The Jungle
Upton Saint Claire
-book about factory conditions
Adulteration
Falsification- deliberately lowering the quality of foodstuff for the purpose of illicit gain
Improvements in current technology
-digital animal identification
-temperature time integrators
-biofuel use in farming
-intense water management: reuse
-sustainability
-food security
-organic agriculture
-product development
Food Trends
-represent the evolving needs of people around eating including
-economic, health, social, political
-living and value trends may be emerged
-local foods, sustainable agriculture and healthy living
Food trend analysts
compile market research, develop tours for companies, product development
For food trends, people need to make predictions and find patterns for big data.
Some companies are
-Kara Nielson CCD innovation
-Mintel
-Suzy Badaracco: Mattson
4 parts that make a trend (the sweet spot)
-trend
-strategic innovation
-culinary
-consumer insights
Fad
-superficial manifestations of trends
-Paleo diet, 1975, abundance of raw protein
Trend
-slower paced evolutions with deep cultural roots
-Greek yogurt has shown astronomical growth
Why is greek yogurt a trend
-high protein for health and cultured probiotics
-first in greek grocery stores in NY
-taken up by trader joes
-tart flavors picked up by yogurt shop that infiltrated from Korea across the US
-now everywhere
Courier Birth
a trend follows another trend or is spawned from a different industry
Fusion Births
multiple influencing factors
Four stages of trends
1. Chaos
2. Blips
3. Shadows
4. Trends
Learning about a trend
Stage 1: an ingredient debuts in a fine dining restaurant or regional ethnic eatery
Stage 2: reading about it in a gourmet magazine or major newspaper
Stage 3: appear in forward leaning chain restaurant menu or Williams Sonoma type space
Stage 4: Appears
In fads, mainstream food companies move _______
slowly
Food fads: Changing role of the consumer
consumers can become experts on the issue almost instantly
Is healthy a trend or a fad?
Health conscious consumers seek snacks, clean labels.
Trends to watch in 2016
-Free from foods
-Meeting millennial demands
-health and challenges of the clean label
-rise of the clean label
-clean label and sustainability
-nutrition and low milk prices
-protein and trans fat removal
-meeting flexitarian needs
- use of dietary fiber
Rise in "clean" food labels including
organic, gmo free
Organic is no longer a trend, but a _________
lifestyle
Why is bacon fest so big
-money maker
-pork belly prices low
-lean meat trends
-bacon an additive for flavor
-cooking issues resolved with pre cooked bacon
-atkin diet transformed the devils meat to pure protein
-26% increase in bacon products in 6 years
In Delaware, 1/__ people struggle with hunger and in the us 1/___ people struggle with hunger
1/8 in delaware
1/6 in US
Food Deserts
Urban neighborhoods where there are few grocers selling fresh produce, but a cornucopia of fast food places and convenience stores selling salty snacks (though, strictly speaking, the term can be applied to rural or suburban areas)
How can USDA help food deserts?
grant resources into rural and urban economics to create and support direct marketing opportunities for farmers
Ruminants
have bacteria that convert plant tissue to animal protein/fat
Affordability in us produced food
-High protein diets for less
-efficientcy of todays agriculture allows american consumers to spend 10% of income on food
-Around 18-25% or more of consumers income goes towards food
Majority of animals are raised in ___________
Concentrated Animals Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
Number of domesticated ruminant animals are ___________ in developed countries and _________ in developing one
falling in developed
rising in developing
Science in raising agricultural animals
-formulating animal diets for energy efficientcy, appropriate weight gain and health
-Disease control
-waste management
-high efficiency system
-feed utilization, waste output, animal breeding/genetics
Free Range or Free Roaming
producers must demonstrate to the Agency that the poultry has been allowed access to the outside
Fresh poultry
Fresh means whole poultry and cuts have never been below 26 degrees. This is means never frozen solid, but should be kept refrigerated
Natural or Naturally Raised
no artificial ingredients or added color and is only minimally processed (processed in a manner that doesn't affect the product).
No antibiotics on red meat and chicken
raised with no antibiotics
Free Range Chickens
-more prone to sickness
-increased flock mortality
- increases illness due to parasite
-increased AR and Toxoplasma infection
Outbreaks of zoonotic disease in free range swine increasing
Outbreaks of zoonotic disease in free range swine increasing
UDSA prohibits feeding of hormones to
swine and poultry
Antibiotic use
Must be used for clinical diseases in all cases
-no residues in meat when withdrawal times are followed
Feed additives for beef cattle
-antibiotics given to cattle and some poultry are ionophores(not used for human health)
-depress/inhibit growth of rumen microorganisms
-reduces acidosis, grain bloat, coccidiosis
-with high grain diets, improve feed conversion
Hoe bacteria gain resistance
Mutation: change in the DNA of the bacterium that protects itself from antibiotics
Destruction: of antibiotic by enzyme activity
Efflux: bacterium export the antibiotics through channels before it can harm the bacteria
Alternatives of antibiotics in meat
- discussion on total withdrawal programs in european union. increase need for clinical treatment. essential oils, plant compounds
and same alternatives sought for antimicrobials used in processing
COOL
Country of Origin Labeling
-required on single ingredient, unprocessed meat products
-indicate where animal born, raised and processed
Dr. Temple Grandin: ways to improve livestock handling
-restrainer system
-curved race systems
-animal welfare programs
-restraint box for religious slaughter that do not apply excessive pressure
-Nonslip floors
-lighting and barriers to promote calm animals
Eliminate "vague" guidelines
-Federal humane slaughter regulation
Animal welfare is part of hazard analysis critical control points system
-good management practices 1997
-animal welfare is a business priority
Animal Welfare: Methods based on knowledge
-avoid triggering fear of falling
-smooth, steady movement of a persons hand or an apparatus is calming
-Use optimal pressure
Block vision
Human animal treatment is essential for the production of safe and high quality meat products.
Estimate of animal antibiotics
very "general", non conclusive data
Ionophores
...
Antibiotic use by percent
it is very different for human and animals
Biggest difficulty in antibiotic used
The data is not tailored, very much sales oriented
Media wants to put linkage between antibiotics for animals(80%) and antibiotic resistance in humans
Very much controlled by the media
How resistant are antibiotic
depends on the organism, penicillin is still working after 50 years
Gaps in knowledge of antibiotic resistance
- will disease in animals be passed onto humans
-antibiotic resistance
-no current surveillance of antibiotic resistance
-data on antibiotic use in human healthcare and in agriculture is not systematically collected
-programs to improve antibiotic prescre
NARMS (what is official name)
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring system
NARMS
-works with FDA, CDC, USDA
-works to monitor meat, animals and humans to find out how antimicrobial resistance associated to agriculture
NARMS Surveillance program
-monitor prevalence and trends of antimicrobial resistance
-will purchase around 40 food samples a month, from 10 samples
-from chicken, turkey, beef and pork
-all different states
Overall, has salmonella resistance gone up?
some getting better,some getting worse.
in Chickens and turkey, has salmonella resistant microbes to three to more antibiotics gone up or down?
up
Denmark Pork Ban
-eliminated growth hormones
-resistance to some antibiotics has decreased, but resistance in pathogens that can affect humans has gone up
-resistance problems has no been solved
-increase in diseases that had been controlled
-increase in antibiotic use to
Antibiotics video the guy wants conventional
wants to ward off disease instead of treating them when they arise
How do antibiotics influence consumer purchasing?
not very heavily, especially for people who cannot buy the expensive meats
How can consumers make better purchasing decisions?
by being educated
A lot of farms raising animals are owned by ____________. They may be contracted.
families
How can government help people become better buyers
-educate urban populations that don't understand farming and ranching
-US takes cheap and convenient food for granted
Selective Breeding
-selecting plants to breed based on certain traits
-Farmers have been creating new plants and animals by modifying genetic structures since the beginning of agriculture, even if they didn't know it.
Conventional Crossbreeding
swapping dna through this process.
-creates new fruit
Examples of "designer Food
-red prince apples
-golden delicious and jonathon gold
-cotton candy grapes
-witch fingers
Bio means __________
techno means __________
ology means ____________
Life
tools
the use or study of
definition of biotechnology
using biology to create or improve tools, products, or processes. e.g. food crops and animals
Trans genetic
transfer genetic material from one organism to another
Why use Biotechnology
very important tool to increase the amount of food and meet our flexitarian needs
Four main benefits of biotechnology
1. Food Safety
2. Consumer Benefits
3. Sustainability
4. Feeding a Hungry World
Top medical professionals agree that biotechnology is a ___________ food technology
safe
Is biotech food safe
-extensive research
-consumed safetly around the world
-no evidence of harm
-gmo are identical to the original food so no way to test difference
-safe for children
-no increased risk for allergies
How are GMOs regulated
FDA
-evaluation of the feed and food safety
USDA (APHIS)
-monitors plantings of experimental varieties of GE plants in field trials
-before a new GE crop variety is marketed evaluated potential impact of widespread environmental release of the plant
EPA
-
First GMO crops planted in
1994
About ___% of the worlds crop are planted as GMOs
10%
Don't take allergenic trans gene into plant that should be non allergenic
like brazil nut genes into vegatables
FDA opinion of rbST
safety has been established and reinforced through research
FDA on Animal Cloning
meat and milk from cows, goats, and pigs are the same as from other animals
Where does food safely rank in consumer concerns
2010 and 2012, not too much concern
US regulation coordinated by
UDSA, FDA, EPA
-regulations in place for foods from plant and animal biotechnology
When is special labeling used
certain ingredients
-allergens present in food(top 8)
-increased level of naturally occurring toxins
-changes to nutrient composition or profile
FDA has determined that the process of biotechnology is not a __________ __________ to be mandated on the food label
material fact
Benefits of crops for gmo
-protect against mold in corn
-enzymes that produce low-lactose milk more efficiently
- protect rice and sugar cane from insects
-produce a potato with reduces acrylamide
-remove allergenic proteins
-greater efficiencies on farms
-more reliable harvests
-
Is GMO always adding in trans genes?
No, sometimes can take out genes
GMO healthy oils
-better in heat
-more healthy
-
Arctic Apple
-non browning apples
-keep original color longer and stay crisp longer
-also developing this for potatoes, tomatoes, melons
Sustainability for GMO
-can possibly use less water for drought resistance gross
-no need for pesticides and insecticides
Bt insect resistance
Bt makes cryproteins which are toxic for insects.
-very safe
-protein binds to midgut of insect and kills the insect
Herbicide resistance
-several crop varieties have been engineered to be resistant to the application of an herbicide, simplifying weed management
-GE plant produces protein which detoxifies the herbicide or protein in plant which is normally the target of the herbicides actio
Virus Resistance
commercial varieties of three crop species have been genetically engineer to be resistant to certain plant viral diseases.
ex. squash, papaya, potato
Glyphosphate
-doesnt cause problem, but few studies show it may cause certain problems
-16 times less toxic than older herbicides
Why are new herbicides being produced?
crops are getting resistant to the herbicides, so new ones need to be made
Plant Soil Quality b/c of GMO
no need to plow to get rid of weeds
-plant seeds can be directly placed into residue of previous crop
Moldboard plowing
exposes soil to wind=erosion
No till farming
plant seeds in residue go previous crop
-Ag's carbon footprint reduced by 46.5 billion pounds
Are carbon emissions lower in farms that use or don't use biotechnology?
lower on farms that USE biotechnology
50% cows on farms with ____ cows or less and 50% farms have _____ cows or more
500 for both
Because of decreasing profit margins, dairies have _______________ in size to remain economically viable
expanded
Typical Dairy Farms
-family of history of dairying
-owners expand to stay in business
-more than 90% of dairy farms, even the large ones, are owned by a family
Average US dairy produces
22,000lbs of milk/year
eats 40,000lbs of feed a year
produces 55,000 lbs of manure a year
Dairy Industry
-milk collected on farms
-milk sold to cooperatives
-cooperatives sell milk to dairy processors
-dairy processors process milk into products that are distributed to retailers
-consumers buy dairy products
rbST (what does it mean)
recombinant bovine somatotropin
recombinant
made in bacteria, not where it is going
What is rbST?
-Peptide (short protein) hormone
-made from recombinant bacteria
-injected incomes every 14 days
-cows eat more
-more nutrients to mammary gland
-milk production per mammary cell increases
-increases milk production
How much does milk production increase with rbST
8-10%
why is rbST economically efficient
a collective groups of rbST will produce same amount of milk with less feed and manure than normal non treated cows
History of rbST
-1980s
-FDA approved it in 1994
Reasons for FDA approval of rbST
No negative impacts if rbST in cows
no negative health in humans
-using natural product
-bST is destryoed in pasturization
-bST in unpasteurized milk is broken down in GI tract
-even if injected into humans, bST will remain inactive because we do not have
Adoption of rbST use by farmers increased over time so that 50% of driers were using it in 2000. Has rbST use lowered or raised
lowered. Mainly due to anti rbST. Farmers labeled that my milk doesnt have rbST so people thought the milk with it was bad. Now labeling has to put that there is no difference between milk of cows with rbST and nonrbST
Consumers are led to believe that rbST is
bad and had documented negative effects. People said human health is negatively affected which there are no facts to support
What ended having rbST
Walmart declaring they would not carry rbST milk
DSM
-manufactor food
-dont put things in the market, but sell ingredients that go into the foods
Important Health concern of consumers
Maintaining activities as we get older
Which vitamins are human deficient in?
D & E is highest deficiency
More than ___% of americans don't consume enough vitamin D&E
90%
Stage Gate Opportunity Process
1. Project Definition
2.Proof of Concept
3.Plant Trial
4. Business Buy in
5. Committed Launch
Need for changes to add definitions to claims of natural or sustainable
people use term that means nothing
when organic begin
1960s, 1970s
When did UDSA name national organic program?
2002
Organic Farming
relies on crop rotation, diversity, green manure, compost, biological pest control, mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and control pess excluding the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock feed ad
How do we grow organic crops
-green manures
-cover crops
-manure and crop rotations to help soil
-maximize biological activity
-maintain long term soil health
-CHEMICALS CAN BE USED
USDA National Organic Standards Board
-implemented 2002-organic ag promotes biodiversity, biological cues and soil biological activity
-based on minimal use of off farm input on practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony
Organic food is produced without
-conventional pesticides
-unapproved synthetic
-fertilizers or sewage sludge
-bioenginnering (GMOs)
-cloned animals
-ionizing radiation
Animal Organic
-must be fed organic fed
-vaccines are allowed
-pain meds and dewormers are allowed
-allowed year round outdoor access
-
Animal Biotics have a _________ period
withdrawing
Organic is a labeling term that denotes products produced under the authority of
the organic foods production act- USDA
Who is approved in order to name something as organic?
the farm/growers and also the producers/packagers
USDA ORGANIC label
100% organic ingredient or at least 95%
-cant contain sulfites
MADE WITH ORGANIC means
at least 70% organic ingredients (weight bases)
What food is being bought organically(mostly)
fruits and veggies
Is organic food a trend?
No, it is a mainstay production
Are organic foods free of residues?
Not all,
some pesticides can be used
Benefits of organic
no big difference?
Why push for organic
Safety
-risk of pathogen in free range and produce
Vitamins and minerals
-slight increase in grass fed milk
-additives in certain feeds