root
Most common ancestor of species
monophyletic
ALL descendants came from one common ancestor
paraphyletic
Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.
polyphyletic
pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor
Major transition #1
Formation of building blocks of life- amino acids and organic molecules. Lots of gas in the atmosphere no oxygen very reactive
Major transition #2
Formation of macromolecules. Clay catalysis provides substrate to catalyze formation-reactive beach
Major transition #3
Enclosing macromolecules into protected compartments. Clay speeds up the amount of macromolecules getting closed off
Major transition #4
Working protocells capable of carrying out basic functions- RNA world stores info and phenotype
Major transition #5
Individual rna/dna strands to chromosome- strands work together to make a more complex function
Endosymbiosis
A theorized process in which engulfed an archeen
Bacteria characteristics
First living forms,limited function, cytoplasm, circular double stranded dna,
No nucleus, no organelles
What are these bacteria doing for us?
Produce essential vitamins, protection from disease causing microbes, fermenting fiber as hormones
Antibiotics
1) target cell wall or membrane
2) target essential enzymes
3)protein synthesis
Protists
All eukaryotic
Most unicellular
Have mitochondria, some have chloroplasts
Excavata
defined by a feeding groove, allowing organisms to ingest small particles of food in their aquatic habitats by phagocytosis (phagotrophy)
Unique flagella with crystalline rod
Diplomonads
a protist that has modified mitochondria (mitosomes), two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella
Euglenids
Mixotroph-chloroplasts and phagocytosis
SAR clade
No real synapamorphies
Ancient roots
Engulfed red algae leading to SA
Stramenopiles
Straw and hair, most have duel flagella, most algae
Diatoms
A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica
brown algae
One of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists, the most common type of seaweed. Brown algae include the kelps. Cellulose and algin in cell wall
Alveolates
Contain membrane bound sacs (alveoli) new flagella, parasitic, photosynthetic
Dinoflagellates
plant-like protist that causes red tide, unicellular
Ciliates
a type of protozoa that moves using hairlike cilia, micro and macro nucleus
Apicomplexans
Have a complex lifestyle ex malaria
Asexual and sexual stages
Multiple hosts
Apicoplast
Rhizarians
amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia
Archaeplastida
One of the five supergroups of eukaryotes. It includes red algae, green algae, and land plants, descended from an ancient protist ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium.
red algae
marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment
green algae
Photosynthetic protists that include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species with grass green chloroplasts; closely related to true plants.
Unikonta
includes animals, fungi, and some protists
Ameobazoans
Tube shaped pseudopodia
Most lack flagella
Cytoskeleton with actin and myosin
slime molds
Funguslike protists that play key roles in recycling organic material