upper respiratory tract
- sinuses
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
lower respiratory tract
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lung alveoli
pulmonary ventilation
breathing
gas exchange
- external respiration (air to blood, blood to air)
gas conditioning
(warm, humidify, and cleanse air)
functions of the respiratory system
- pulmonary ventilation
- gas exchange
- gas conditioning
- sound production
- olfaction
- defense
nasal cavity skeleton
- hyaline cartilage
nasal cavity functions
- airway for respiration
- pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- warm, humidify, and clean inhaled air (blood vessels and mucous)
- resonating chamber for speech and sound
- houses olfactory receptors
pharynx
- throat
- connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
three regions:
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
layrnx
- voice box
trachea
- C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
- posterior wall is not rigid, but muscular
- pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
- mucus producing goblet cells
Secondary Bronchi
lobar bronchi
tertiary bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
- microscopic
- no longer contain cartilage
- smooth muscle (bronchoconstriction or bronchodialation)
terminal bronchiole
smallest bronchioles without alveoli
alveolar type I cells
simple squamous
alveolar type II cells
secrete surfactant. thick, help keep aveoli pattent.
alveolar macrophages
dust cells
root of the lung goes through what
the hilum
the pleural cavity is filled with what
serous fluid
go look at pulmonary ventilation slides
...
external respiration
- gas exchange in the lungs between blood and air (at the alveoli)
- O2 diffuses from air into blood
- CO2 diffuses from blood into air
internal respiration
- gas exchange between blood and tissue cells (at systemic capillaries)
- O2 diffuses from blood into body cells
- Co2 diffuse from body cells into blood
asthma
- airway hypersensitivity leads to inflammation and bronchoconstrcition
- symptoms include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, excess mucous
- treatment may include inhaled steroids mixed with bronchodilators
- may occur in response to pollen, smoke,
emphysema
- chronic destruction of alveoli and loss of lung elastic tissue
- decrease in gas exchange surface area
- loss of elastic tissue makes it difficult to exhale, old air is trapped in alveoli
- usually caused by smoking
pneumonia
- infection of the alveoli of the lungs resulting in swelling and red
- may be caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi
- symptoms include cough, fever, rapid breathing and sputum
Lung Cancer
- usually caused by cigarette smoking
- adenocarcinoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- small cell carcinoma
- most effective treatment is complete removal of diseased lung
3 common types of lung cancer
- adenocarcinoma (cancer of mucus producing cells)
- squamous cell carcinoma (cancer or squamous cells)
- small cell carcinoma (cancer in the bronchioles)