What is the scientific study of matter, the physical and chemical changes affecting matter and teh energy changes that accompany those processes.
Chemistry
What is Biochemistry?
The study of chemical reactions, such as growth, reproduction and respiration, that occur within a living organism
What does organic chemistry deal with?
All matter that is now living or was alive at one I've.
This is the study of matter containing carbon, which is present in all plants and animals
Inorganic chemistry deal with what?
Matter that was never living and does not contain carbon
Anything that occupies space is considered ________. It's something that can be seen everywhere.
Matter
What matter with a definite weight, volume and shape
Solids
Matter with definite weight and volume no shape is called?
Liquids
They take the shape of the container in which they are poured
Define gases
Matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume and shape
What type of change is in the physical form of a substance without creating a new substance possessing a distinct material composition.
Physical Change
Define chemical change
A change in a substance that creates a new substance with different material characteristics form those of the original substances.
What is sublimation?
The process of a solid or gas changing states without becoming a liquid
What is the ability to work to accomplish some change?
Energy
All matter-whether living or non-living, solid, liquid or gas- is made up of a combination of what?
Elements
What are elements?
Basic units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction.
How many naturally occurring elements are there?
92
Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer found ways of arranging elements with similar properties in groups in a ________ ___ _________.
Table of elements
The periodic table
Define periodic law
The unifying concept used to organize elements and their similarities
The number shown in the table with each elements is called the elements _____?
Atomic Number
It indicates how many protons are in a single atom of the element
What is the most abundant element in the earths crust and the second most abundant in the atmosphere?
Oxygen
What has a positive electrical charge and identify the atoms?
Protons
What has no electrical charge?
Neutrons
They are neutrally charged
Neutrons and protons together determine what of each element?
Molecular weight
What has a negative electrical charge.
Electrons
Protons and neutrons that are packed together tightly to form a dense core at the center of the atom is called what?
Nucleus
True or False:
Some atoms are not missing any electrons in their outer shell. These atoms are considered stable and are electrically neutral
True
What is the smallest particle of a compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound is called what?
Molecule
_________ are two or more of the same atoms jointed together by one or more chemical bonds
Molecules
What are created by chemically uniting two different elements?
Compounds
During ________ a substance loses an electron, and oxygen is acquired.
Oxidation
In the process of _________ a substance gains an electron, and oxygen is released.
Reduction
If no "trading" is taking place and the atoms are sharing the electrons, they are held together by what is called _________?
Covalent bond
True or False:
A peptide bond is a bond uniting two amino acid groups
True
True or False:
A polypeptide chain is thousands of amino acid connected lengthwise to form a chain
True
Define monomers:
Basic building-block molecules. Building blocks connect with each other for form large, more complex compounds.
Groups of monomers that bond together are called?
Polymers
A simple unit of a carbohydrate is called a ?
Saccharine
Triglycerides, fats and solids are all examples of what?
Lipids
What is the unit of measurement that indicates whether a substance is acidic, neutral or alkaline.
pH or Potential Hydrogen
What is your task as a skincare professional?
To use products that will help maintain the acid balance of the skin at 4.5 to 5.5 pH level.
Alkaline is sometimes referred to as?
A base
A mixture of sebum and sweat combines with lipids, minerals and moisture to form a protective barrier for the skin. What is the barrier called?
Acid Mantle
What is the pH of pure distilled water?
pH7
What can hard water contain?
Salts such as calcium and magnesium.
True or False?
Soft water contains very few minerals
How can you keep your clients skin in top shape?
By treating each client with products that balance the individuals pH, by reading labels knowledgeably and by selecting and recommending the right products for home care
How is a mixture formed?
When two or more compounds are blended together physically, rather than chemically.
You're creating a new overall products but still retaining the separate chemical characteristics of the components blended
What is a mixture of two or more chemicals (compounds) in which each component is evenly distributed in the mixture to form a complete and homogenous dispersion
A solution
What is the liquid part of a solution called?
the Solvent
What is the solid or dissolved part of a solution called?
A Solute
Solvents that are easily mixed together are called?
Miscible solvents
Solvents that dont mix easily with each other, such as oil and water are called?
Immiscible
What is the even dispersion of a solid substance in a liquid base is called?
Suspension
What is a product that has been formulated with a thickening agent to increase its viscosity (thickness or density)
A gel
Define Ointment
An anhydrous (without water) substance based on a mixture of oils and waxes, normally having the texture of a paste (thick and heavy)
What is a stick?
A hard, low-level water or anhydrous product applied to the skin by using the products directly on the desired area
An ___________ is a product packages under pressure and blended with a propellant inside a container, which is usually a can.
Aerosol
True or False: most Aerosols are flammable (potentially explosive).
True
A ___________ is a mixture of two or more non-I'm able (immiscible) substances, such as oil and water, united by small droplets of a binder (emulsifier) or gum-like substance
Emulsion
______________ are binding substances used to slow down the destruction of the product. They can do this because they have a unique chemical structure tat makes the compatible with both water and oil.
Emulsifiers
What are active ingredients?
The ingredients responsible for producing the desire effect
What is usually the first ingredient found in the majority of cosmetic skin care products.
Water.
Listed as purified water it makes up the largest portion of most formulation and can range in concentration from close to 100% to around 50%
__________ are organic ingredients that bind water and deposit it onto the skin
Humectants
_______ _________ are fatty acids that have been exposed to hydrogen
Fatty Alcohols
______ are often used to increase the thickness of cosmetic products and provide moisturizing properties
Fatty Alcohols
Examples: Cheryl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, oleyl Alcohol and Stearyl Alcohol
What has a large category of ingredients with surface activity and have the ability to bind a wide range of organic and inorganic matters (oils and dirt) to water.
Surfactants
Thickeners or viscosity modifiers are ingredients that ?
Help increase density in emulsions and gel type products.
____________ also allow for the suspension of small particle solids in a base by creating enough of a supporting structure to prevent settling.
Thickeners
What is the name for the general classification for a wide variety of natural and naturally derived ingredients extracted from plants
Botanicals
What is included in cosmetic products to maintain microbiological integrity or product quality during manufacturing, storage and use by the consumer?
Preservatives
What are chelating agents?
Ingredients added to a product to enhance teh effectiveness of the preservative.
A commonly used chelating agent is Disodium EDTA
__________ are vegetable, mineral or pigment dyes that are added to products to enhance the products appearance.
Coloring Agents
What does Hypoallergenic mean?
The products is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction.
When are fragrances used in skin care products?
To cover (mask) undesirable odors in the products base and/or impart a pleasant smell while the user applies the product.
__________ are acids or bases used to adjust the product pH level to a desired level.
pH adjusters
____________ ingredients are those that are likely to block or clog the press and contribute to pimples
Comedogenic
_______________ are active ingredients and are considered drug products under FDA guidelines.
Sunscreens (UV absorbers or blockers)
Products containing sunscreen have sunscreen at concentrations levels at what percent of the formulation?
Between 2% and 7%
______ _______ are chemically unstable molecules, caused by environmental pollutants and UV exposure
Free Radicals
Define Cyclomethicone
A non-comedogenic emollient that gives products a silky feel
What gives products lubricants, or "slip
Dimethicone
What makes products feel soft, especially sunscreens?
Dimethicone copolyol
When were copper peptides introduced as a type of skin regeneration accelerator?
1997
What are hydroxy acids?
Organic acids extracted from a variety of natural sources, including fruits (malic acid, tartaric acids, citric acid), sugar (glycolic acid) and milk (lactic acid).
These ingredients are added to skin care products to speed up the natural exfoliation proc
True or false hydroxy acids help resolve blemishes and hyper-pigmentation?
True
If the carbon group is located on the second carbon atom of the chain, that ingredient is categorized as a _______ ________ _______.
Beta hydroxy acid
Example: salicylic acid
What are enzymes?
Ingredients that are designed to dissolve keratin proteins on the surface of the skin.
__________ are ingredients used in skin treatment products in order to bleach or lighten areas of hyperpigmentation
Lighteners
How do lighteners work?
By slowly blocking the production of melanin by the melanocytes in the skin, usually taking months of continued use to deliver a noticeable effect.
What government authority is responsible for regulating cosmetics
The FDA