In addition to the genes, physical variations in human populations may be due to the __________.
environment
__________ are changes in the structure of genes
Mutations
What is an adaptation?
a genetic change that gives the carrier a better chance of survival and reproduction
__________ involves physiological adjustments in individuals to environmental conditions.
Acclimatization
__________ rule describes what seems to be a general relationship between body surface area and temperature.
Bergmann's
An advantage of light skin is greater absorption of vitamin __________.
D
Hypoxia is a condition of __________.
oxygen deficiency
Which of these illnesses is due to an abnormality of the red blood cells?
sickle-cell anemia
The first large-scale intelligence testing in the United States began with its entry into __________.
World War I
In 1994, __________ published The Bell Curve, a book arguing that there is a causal link between race and
intelligence
Hernstein and Murray
The exact reproduction of an individual from cellular tissue is called __________.
cloning
What are stem cells?
cells that can be induced to grow into any tissue type
__________ results in more favorable genes becoming more frequent in a population over time.
Natural selection
How did Roberts's research provide support for Bergmann's rule?
It showed that the lowest body weights were found in areas with the highest mean annual temperatures.
The color of a person's skin depends on both the amount of blood in the small blood vessels of the skin and the
amount of __________ in the skin.
melanin
Gloger's rule for skin color holds true __________.
for people, as well as for other mammals and birds
Height, in a population, is determined by what two major influences?
heredity and environment
What factor, in addition to nutrition and disease, may be related to adult height?
stress in infancy
How does a population develop inherited resistances to diseases?
Past exposure to a disease favors genetic traits that provide protection.
In addition to genetics, what may explain a population's susceptibility to disease?
cultural practices to deal with illness
Which of the following statements is true regarding lactose tolerance?
Lactose intolerance is common in many parts of the world.
When referring to humans, race is largely a __________ category.
social
Biologists use the term race __________.
to distinguish between populations within a single species
Racism is the belief that __________.
some races are innately inferior to others
What is one likely reason why Europeans were able to colonize the world?
The natives were susceptible to diseases brought by the Europeans.
In what has been called "one of the first examples of biological warfare," Europeans may have deliberately spread
__________ to Native American populations.
smallpox
Why do the authors of the textbook not support the belief that it is scientifically useful to connect human "races" and
behavior?
Their research concluded that most behaviors showed no difference between supposed "racial" groups
What did Franz Boas find in his study of the head shape of immigrants?
The head shape of second-generation immigrants of different groups were more similar to each other than to their
parents, indicating some influence of the environment on head shape.
How did Klineberg show that the environment has an influence on IQ?
He tested "black" schoolgirls from the South who had spent varying lengths of time in the north, and found that the
longer the girls had been in the North, the higher their IQ
According to Theodosius Dobzhansky, at what point can we begin to accurately investigate differences in
intelligence across groups?
when all people have equal opportunities to reach their full potential
Which of the following is an example of acclimatization?
shivering
Humans are influenced by their environment, but at the same time humans can dramatically change their
environment. What is an example of this phenomenon?
harnessing energy to create heat
Which of the following is an example of a cultural practice that physically distinguishes members of the culture
from outsiders?
Judeo-Christian circumcision
Barring ethical considerations, what is the best way to test the idea that facial features are influenced by
environment instead of by biology?
raise genetically identically individuals in contrasting environments
Many people treat __________ as the most important indicator of "race.
skin color
If a couple from North America moved to the highlands of Peru and then had a baby, how would that baby compare
to native highlanders?
The baby would develop the same lung capacity as people born in the highlands.
To what infectious disease would North American populations have the least natural resistance?
African sleeping sickness
Sickle-cell anemia is an example of __________ selection.
balancing
Where would you expect to find the greatest genetic variation in the world?
Africa
Which of these facts supports the idea that racial differences in testing are driven by social environment and
expectations?
The difference in GRE scores between "black" and "white" students disappeared after President Obama's election
What was the selective pressure driving the color change in moths during the industrial revolution?
The predators could not see the darker colored moths on the sooty trees
Why are some long-term acclimatizations difficult to distinguish from adaptations?
Acclimatizations may persist even after the individual moves to another environment.
Why might Native Americans be a general exception to the rule that darker skin is associated with environments
with high UV radiation?
They are relatively recent migrants to the New World
What is one explanation for why people are getting taller in many regions of the world?
People in those regions have better nutrition and lower rates of infectious disease than they did in the past
Why do many argue that "race" is not a scientifically useful category?
Humans have exhibited so much inbreeding that we cannot divide humans into discreet groups.
Why do many forensic anthropologists still use the concept of "race" when identifying human skeletal remains?
It provides a socially useful category for narrowing search parameters
Some people use the word "race" as an explanation of the quality of a culture. What is their argument?
They believe that "developed" nations are "white," while the "underdeveloped" nations are not.
What is J. Philippe Rushton's position on the relationship between "race" and behavior?
Behaviors have a genetic basis rooted to environmental adaptations
If "black" Americans really were less intelligent than "white" Americans, their IQ scores should __________
"white" Americans.
range lower than the curve of
What is the danger in genetic uniformity?
In the event of dramatic environmental changes, genetic variation would be needed to allow for adaptation to the
new environment.