Division of labor
The patterned ways in which productive tasks are divided up along the lines of gender sex skill and knowledge interest and other criteria
Foraging
Adaptation based on harvesting only wild/undomesticated plants and animals
Cultivation (agriculture)
Adaptation based primarily on the planting tending or harvesting of domesticated plants/crops
Herding (pastoralism)
Adaptation based on the control and being of domesticated livestock, which are taken to naturally occurring pastureland
Industrialism
The productive technology that barneys the energy of fossil fuels to satisfy human martial needs and wants
Band
A small foraging group with flexible composition that migrates seasonally
Domestication
Process by which people control the distribution abundance and biological features of certain plants and animals in order to increase their usefulness to humans (supports higher populations)
Horticulture
A method of cultivation in which hand tools peered by human muscles are used (eg shifting cultivation/slash and burn, dry land gardening)(also supports bigger and more permanent settlements, allocation/claim of land)
Intensive agriculture
A system of cultivation in which plus are planted annually or semiannually, usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers, and (in old world) plows powered b by animals (moor productive than horticulture)
Surplus
A result of intensive agriculture which food or other good produced by a worker is in excess of the amount needed for his or her own consumption add well as the need or his or her dependents
Civilization
(Result of intensive agriculture) a firm of complex society in which many people live in cities
Peasants
In a civilization, rural people who are integrated into a larger society politically and economically (grow food and hove little political power)
Nomadism
A form of seasonal mobility usually referring to pastoral peoples who move their livestock to seasonally lush pastureland
Transhumance
The widespread pastoral pattern of migration to different elevations in response to seasonal differences in tempurature and pastureland
Globalization of production
The process in which companies located in one country relocate their production facilities to other countries to reduce costs and be more competitive
Masai
Traditionally these Kenyan people herded their cattle between the plains and the well-watered mountain land. As tourism makes inroads on their already scarce land, they are trying to adapt without losing their heritage.
Subsistence
the source from which food and other items necessary to exist are obtained
descent
connection between parents and children that create basic relationships among relations
fraternal polyandry
several brothers share one wife
Bilateral descent
a kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships equally through both parents
Postmarital residence pattern
where a newly married couple goes to live after marriage
Neolocal residence
a residence form in which a couple establishes a separate household apart from both the husbands and wifes parents
kinship chart
Kindred
all the bilateral relatives of an individual
Patrilocal residence
a residence form in which a couple lives with or near the husband's parents
Matrilocal residence
a residence form in which a couple lives with or near the wife's parents
Bridewealth
the custom in which a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives go the bride to validate the marriage
Bride service
the custom in which a man spends a period of time workmen for the family of his wife (to be)
Unilineal descent
descent through "one" line; includes both patrilineal and matrilineal descent
Extended household
a group of related nuclear families that live together in a single household
Nuclear family
a family unit consisting of only parents and children
Agriculture
adaptation based primarily on the planting tending and harvesting of domesticated plants/crops
Shifting cultivation
an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot
Aristocracy
the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices
Pastoralism (herding)
adaptation based on the control and breeding of domesticated livestock which are taken to naturally occurring pastureland
Patrilineal descent
a kinship system in which individuals trace their primary kinship relationships though their fathers
Lineage
a unilinear descent group larger than an extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related
Corporate descent groups
lineages act as social economic political and ritual unit beyond individual members
Clan
a named unilinear descent group, whose members believe themselves to be related (even if they can't trace it)
Incest taboo
prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives
Matrilineal descent
a kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships through through mothers
Avunculate
relationship between a man and his sister's children, particularly her sons, that prevails in many societies
Marriage
a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws
Exogamous rules
marriage rules that prohibit individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category
Endogamous rules
marriage rules that require individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category
Monogamy
the practice in which each individual is allowed to have only one spouse at a time
Serial monogamy
men or women can marry another partner but only after ceasing to be married to the previous partner
Dowry
the custom in which the family of the women transfers property or wealth to her and or her husband upon marriage
sex
biological difference between males and females (chromosomes, genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, hormone levels, etc)
Intersexed (hermaphrodite)
individuals who are not clearly male or female
Gender
characteristic that cultures attribute to males and females
(Multiple gender identities) third gender
concept that individuals are categorized (by their will or by social consensus) as neither man nor woman, as well as the social category present in those societies ; typically associated with spiritual powers; same-sex sexual relations usually not the mai
gender crossing
usually involves transvestism (dressing as a member of opposite gender) and cross-gender occupation or work activities
hijras
term used in South Asia - in particular, in India - to refer to an individual who is transsexual or transgender
berdache ("man-woman")
modern umbrella term used by some indigenous North Americans to describe or label gender-variant individuals in their communities
Sexual division of labor
patterned ways in which production activities and tasks are assigned to women vs men in a particular culture
Gender stratification
the degree of inequality between males and females based on culturally defined difference between sexes
Matriarchy
a system of society or government ruled by a woman or women
Patriarchy
a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line
Kinship
way that members of particular cultures interpret or make sense of biological relationships
Kin group
a group of people who culturally consider themselves to be relative cooperate in certain activities ands hare a sense of identity as kinfolk
Reciprocity
the transfer of goods for other goods between tow or more individuals or groups
Marcel Mauss
wrote an analyses of gift exchange in different cultures around the world in "The Gift"; also analyzed topics such as magic, sacrifice
Generalized reciprocity
the giving of goods without expectation of a return of a gift of equal value at any definite future time
Balanced reciprocity
the exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; social purposes usually motivate the exchange
Polygamy
marriage system which an individual may have more than one spouse
Polygyny
a form of plural marriage, in which a man is allowed more than one wife
Polyandry
a form of plural marriage, in which a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time
Tribute
goods (typically include food) rendered to an authority such as a chief
Money
essentially universal medium of exchange that serves as a standard and store of value, essential to market exchange
Market
exchange by means of buying and selling using money at prices determined by forces of supply and demand
Market globalization
process by which capital technology products and services cross national boundaries at prices largely determined by global supply and demand
Dadi's Family
documentary on specific family in the Haryana region of Northern India; the film explores the concept of family and the roles that a woman play in life. The roles are daughter, mother, mother-in-law, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law and sister.
Economics
study of production distribution and consumption of goods and resources
Gift giving
various forms can be described as a type of change know as reciprocity; usually material and symbolic
Negative reciprocity
exchange motivated by a desire to obtain product in which each party tries to get the best deal (typically includes bartering and negotiation)
Social distance
the distance between different groups of society and is opposed to locational distance
Redistribution
collection of products or money by a central authority followed by distribution to the groups members (e.g. taxes, potluck)
original affluent society
term used by Bruce M. Knauft to describe the way the gebusi, as hunter-gathers, had abundant leisure time (not a constant struggle for survival)
patriclans
function as corporate descent groups in gebusi society
levirate
widows ideally marry decides husband's "brother" (in Gebusi society)
preferential sister exchange
Neither patriclan "loses" a woman without getting one back