Physical anthropologists can understand human biological variation by looking at changes in
Genes
Health
Lifestyle
The four branches of anthropology are
Cultural
Physical
Archaeology
Linguistic
Your professor researches the Turkana pastoralists of Kenya, investigating both the genetic changes that allow them to easily digest milk and the role that dairy animals have played in their history. Your professor most likely uses which of the following
The Bio-cultural Approach
Physical anthropology is the study of human __________ and human biocultural _________
evolution;variation
A physical anthropologist would study which of the following?
Modern Hunter-Gatherers in Africa
Skeletons from Ancient Rome
Primate Behavior
What would a physical anthropologist NOT study to learn more about humans?
Pottery and Stone Tools
___________ created the discipline of American anthropology.
Franz Boas
What is NOT a uniquely human activity?
Climbing a Tree
A scientific hypothesis can
Predict future outcomes.
Be refuted by new information.
Help to explain observed phenomena.
New research in Ethiopia in 2001 changed the way we think about human origins by demonstrating that the earliest hominins lived in
Woodlands
Outline the steps of the scientific method in their proper order
Identify a problem
State a hypothesis
Collect data
Test the hypothesis
Modern humans lost the typical primate honing-canine used for food processing because of which invention?
Stone tools
Your best friend's great-uncle went missing in action during his Pacific tour of duty during World War II. Your friend wants to find out what happened to these enlisted men and women and to bring them home. What course of study would you suggest that your
Forensic Anthropology
Several forensic anthropologists have dealt with the aftermath of Argentina's "Dirty War" (1970s and 1980s) during which many people disappeared. Which of the following techniques would be inappropriate for anthropologists to use in attempting to find and
creating a glossary of the local language, using methods of linguistic anthropology
Franz Boas is dressed to explore the Arctic. This illustrates humans' ability to deal with their environment through
Material Culture
This anthropologist wants to know more about the lifestyle of our human ancestors and is studying modern primates (chimpanzees) for clues to the past. What aspect of these chimps' lives is LEAST likely to interest her?
Variation in the chimps fur color
Physical anthropologists seek to
study humans from a biological and cultural perspective
Bipedalism in primates means:
Walking on two feet
Primates are
A diverse species that live in various types of environments.
A group of mammals that share traits like forward-facing eyes, fingernails, and large brains
Physical anthropologists study only Africa, where humans evolved T/F
False
Physical anthropology deals with all aspects of human biology, both past and present T/F
True
Physical anthropology and biological anthropology are equivalent T/F
True
The environment does not affect humans' biological makeup T/F
False
A scientific theory is nothing more than a guess T/F
False
This naturalist spent five years on the HMS Beagle.
Charles Darwin
Darwin studied species of ____________ in the ____________ Islands when coming up with his ideas about evolution.
finches; Galapagos
In coming up with an idea of evolution, Darwin drew on information from
Geology & Paleontology
Taxonomy & Systematics
Demography
Uniformitarianism, an important idea in geology, was proposed by these two scientists.
Hutton and Lyell
While home for winter break, you start telling your grandmother about your physical anthropology class. She once heard about a man who became a bodybuilder and then produced muscular children, and she asks you to explain how this could happen. You say tha
this is an example of Lamarckism, which has some kernels of truth about evolution but is not a wholly accurate theory.
The study of taxonomy was enriched by the work of
Carolus Linnaeus
According to Linnaean taxonomy, humans are in the genus and species
Homo sapiens
Your cousin insists that he ran into your doppelganger the spitting image of you at the mall. You counter this assertion with your knowledge of physical anthropology by replying that
both Malthus and Darwin observed that variation exists within a species and no two members are exactly alike
The only source of new genetic material is
Mutation
Darwin believed that ________________ was the primary cause of evolution.
Natural Selection
The four forces of evolution are
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Mutation
Natural Selection
According to Linnaean taxonomy, the most specific category and level shared by humans, gorillas, and howler monkeys is
Suborder Anthropoidea
This picture shows two variants in ___________ or physical appearance of seven characteristics of the pea plant.
Phenotype
This specific shape of DNA is known as the
Double Helix
Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) was considered an important contribution to modern science because:
it synthesized information from diverse scientific fields in order to document evolutionary change
Why is the work of Alfred Russell Wallace considered when discussing the theory of evolution?
He was an English naturalist who had arrived at many of the same conclusions as Darwin through his own research in the Amazon
Gene flow differs from genetic drift because:
it is the spread of new genetic material from one gene pool to another.
Mendel's plant hybridization experiments demonstrated that:
traits inherited from each parent remained distinct in the offspring
In a simplified example of eye color inheritance, B stands for the allele for brown eyes and is dominant. Blue eyes are represented by the recessive allele b. A child who inherits one of each allele from her parents will have the genotype Bb and therefore
True
Darwin's ideas about evolution and Mendel's research in genetics are combined into what we now call the idea of blending inheritance. T/F
False
Swine flu (H1N1) is the result of viral evolution. T/F
True
Darwin's ideas helped stimulate research in the fields of biology, genetics, comparative anatomy, and physical anthropology. T/F
True
Comparing the skeletons of Aegyptopithecus and Oreopithecus, two extinct species of primates, can provide physical anthropologists information about the human past. T/F
True
The HMS Beagle circumnavigated the globe. T/F
True
The somatic type of eukaryotic cells makes up
Bone & Muscle
Skin & Fate
Hair & Brain
Human and chimpanzee DNA is about ________% identical.
98%
You and your roommate learned that you shared the same maternal ancestor 15,000 years ago in Europe after doing a genetic analysis on your respective
mtDNA
If one side of the DNA ladder includes the sequence CTAATGT, the complementary base configuration for this sequence will be
GATTACA
As you're waiting at the doctor's office, you overhear another patient discussing with the doctor how unlucky he is to be going bald at such a young age. The doctor counters this assertion and explains that
luck has nothing to do with it; rather an SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) can code for susceptibility to baldness, so his problem is genetic.
An offspring with the chromosome pair XX will be
Female
The human karyotype consists of ______ pairs of chromosomes.
23
If you wanted to sequence the genome of �tzi, the 5,300-year-old "Iceman" mummy found in the Alps in 1991, which method would you be most likely to use?
PCR
Blocks of genetic material that do not recombine and are passed on for generations are called
Haplotypes
Structural proteins found in the human body are responsible for all of the following EXCEPT
when you went through puberty
Regulatory or functional proteins include
Lactase
Testosterone
Antibodies
In protein synthesis, ___________ refers to "unzipping" the DNA, and ____________ refers to the formation of polypeptide chains.
Transcription; Translation
In RNA, _________ replaces thymine as a nucleotide base.
Uracil
During a visit to the circus, you and a friend stumble into a tent with a "freaks of nature" display. Your friend points out a photograph of a man whose left arm is protruding from his left hip rather than from his shoulder. You explain to your friend tha
Homeotic Genes
If a man and a woman who both have the AB blood phenotype have a child, the one blood type that child CANNOT have is
O
After learning in physical anthropology class that a cleft chin is recessive and that dimples, a free-hanging earlobe, and tongue rolling are dominant, your friend tells you over dinner she is certain she is adopted because
both of her parents have cleft chins but she does not
The inheritance of a package of genes from the same chromosome
Linkage
Prokaryotes have multiple cells while eukaryotes have one. T/F
False
The largest organelles in a cell are the mitochondria T/F
False
The assertion that each parent provides one allele for any inherited trait is known as the law of segregation T/F
True
The potato and the guinea pig have more chromosomes than humans to T/F
True
E. coli is a prokaryotic bacterium T/F
True
This is a close-up of hair, which is composed of functional proteins. T/F
False
An online article that your professor asked you to critique states that African Americans cannot contract malaria, even if they go to endemic areas, because of a genetic trait that confers protection from the disease. Your response is that this article is
balanced polymorphism means that not all African Americans are heterozygous for the sickle cell trait
Another name for a reproductive population is
Deme
Members of a population that can breed and produce viable offspring are considered to be of the same
Species
If 70% of the hypothetical population passed along allele B, the dominant allele for brown eyes, and 30% passed along allele b, the recessive allele for blue eyes, the proportion of the subsequent generation with brown eyes would be ___________, given the
91%
The two main types of mutations are
Spontaneous and Induced
The three patterns of natural selection are
Stabilizing
Directional
Disruptive
Your cousin just started a part-time job at a blood bank. He tells you that a surprisingly large number of Native Americans come in to donate blood. You explain to him that, based on what you learned in physical anthropology class, this is not all that su
Owing to a founder effect, many Native American populations have high frequencies of the O blood type
Huntington's chorea is a genetically-linked, debilitating, degenerative disorder with an onset usually after the fourth decade of life. The reason that this disease has not been eliminated through natural selection and is actually quite prevalent among co
the onset of the disease after prime childbearing years means it is largely unaffected by natural selection.
At the end of last semester, your professor had a baby. In class, she notes that her baby weighed 7.2 lbs at birth. The other babies born in the hospital that week weighed 7.0 lbs, 6.8 lbs, 9.2 lbs, 7.5 lbs, and 7.3 lbs. When she asks what phenomenon this
Stabilizing Selection
The case of the peppered moth and industrial melanism during the Industrial Revolution in England illustrates
Change in frequency of the nonmelanic genotype
The genotype that confers protection against malaria while allowing an individual to survive and reproduce is
AS
Compared to the normal male karyotype, a man affected by Klinefelter's syndrome has
one more X chromosome
Populations in which reproduction within the group is encouraged are called
Endogamous
Significant genetic change in horses over millions of years, which is also called
Macroevolution
Which of the following is NOT a genetic disorder that decreases susceptibility to malaria?
Huntington's Chorea
Together, all of the alleles contained within a group of interbreeding individuals is known as a:
Gene Pool
An individual who displays the disease sickle-cell anemia must have inherited the deleterious allele from both phenotypically normal parents. This individual is therefore:
Homozygous Recessive
A change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next is an example of evolution. T/F
True
Mutation is the only source of new genetic material T/F
True
The gene pool includes only the beneficial traits in a population T/F
False
Recent research indicates malaria was present in the Americas prior to Columbus. T/F
False
The concept of race began
during the Renaissance
In the 1700s, _____________ developed a scientific classification of race.
Blumenbach
Frank Livingstone, a noted physical anthropologist, is famous for having said about human diversity in appearance, "There are no _________; there are only ___________.
Races; Clines
In high school, your parents insisted that you were an adolescent and therefore incapable of living an adult life. You argued, on the other hand, that although you were not yet 18,
The onset of puberty had already signaled your adult reproductive capabilities
Your brain was already full size
Your complete permanent dentition meant you could eat all adult foods
One of your classmates asks you for your notes from physical anthropology class. She says she was absent because her mother broke her hip and needed help around the house. This is not the first time the student has been absent for this reason. What would
Has your mother gone through menopause?
Is your mother a heavy smoker?
Does your mother take a calcium supplement?
The eruption of the first permanent molar and the completion of brain growth happen during ____________ development.
Childhood
The period of time from about 20 years old to the end of the reproductive years is called
Prime
According to Bergmann's and Allen's rules, all of the following are true EXCEPT
the Inuit in Greenland are tall and long limbed
The disease rickets, which affects bone mineralization, results from a deficiency in
vitamin D
There is an old adage that "a fat baby is a healthy baby." A critique of this statement might be that
overnutrition is linked to an increase in diabetes, cholesterol, and blood pressure.
One of your classmates moved to the United States from Somalia as a kid in the late 1990s. After seeing a picture of his family, you notice that he and his sister must have been undernourished for several years. You arrive at this conclusion because your
and his sister are both much shorter than their parents
A gradual change in phenotype over a geographical area is called a
Cline
A major criticism that can be leveled against Johann Blumenbach's racial typology is that
his five types did not take into account thousands of years of human evolution
You visit your uncle, a dentist, over winter break. He hands you this x-ray and instructs you to estimate the age of this child, given the eruption time of the permanent molars (6 years old for the first molar, 12 years old for the second, and 18 years ol
6 and 12 years old
When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses:
Select one:
full adult height is attained
Stressors during the prenatal stage include:
Smoking
Alcohol
Drugs
The growth and development of females is more sensitive to stressors in the environment than is the growth and development of males. T/F
False
For humans, hair loss and sweating are both thermoregulatory adaptations to heat. T/F
True
Vasoconstriction results in the red face of a person in a hot environment. T/F
False
In general, populations living between 0-20�N latitude have the darkest skin color. T/F
False
Which of the following is NOT true of primates?
Primates inhabit every continent
On a visit to the zoo, you overhear a teacher telling a young student that the chimpanzees climb and swing on branches because their
Good sense of touch lets them grip trees
Visual differences between primates and other animals include
Overlapping vision fields
The dental formula for Old World primates, including humans, is
2/1/2/3
Primates' enhanced ___________ led to a reduced sense of ___________.
Vision; Smell
The fact that humans are related to chimpanzees can be seen in Linnaean taxonomy, where both are
in the superfamily Hominoidea
Your sister calls you crying because she just hit an animal with her car, and she thinks it was a ring-tailed lemur. You calm her down by saying that
Lemurs exist in the wild only in Madagascar, so she probably hit a raccoon
Anthropoids differ from prosimians in all the following ways EXCEPT that they
have more teeth than prosimians
Hominoids include
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Orangutans
One of your friends is originally from Ecuador. When he was a kid, he would sneak into the forest and watch howler monkeys. On one of these trips, though, he insists that he and his friends found a human skull. As he describes it, you realize it was not h
the foramen magnum was not located at the bottom of the skull
Primates that are adapted for eating large amounts of plants and leaves can be distinguished by their
sagittal crests
At the primate exhibit at the zoo, you notice a slew of monkeys dangling from branches by their tails. The information plaque notes that they are colobus, macaques, and baboons. When you read this, you immediately seek out the zookeeper to complain about
none of those monkeys have prehensile tails
It is possible to tell an ape skeleton from a human skeleton based on
The position of the foramen magnum
The shape of the pelvis
The length of the limbs
According to British anatomist Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, the main tendencies that help to define what a primate is include
the ability to eat a wide variety of foods; investing time and effort into offspring; and adaptations to life in the trees.
The teeth of Old World monkeys and apes differ in that
apes have a Y-5 pattern of cusps, whereas Old World monkeys have a bilophodont pattern
One of the main differences observable between human dentition and the dentition of other primates is humans' lack of a/an
Diastema
There are no primates in
Antarctica & Australia
Fingerprints help enhance primates' sense of touch T/F
True
All primates have opposable toes T/F
False
A fossil with bilophodont molars is most likely an Old World monkey T/F
True
Male primates use their canines for eating food and for scaring enemies T/F
True
Hominoids do not have tails T/F
True
During an internship at the Jane Goodall Institute, you are tasked with observing the residence patterns of the chimpanzees in Gombe National Park. At the end of the summer, you have learned all of the chimps' names and have recorded all of the following
Athena
Cindy
Kay
Lulu
The key factor(s) that contribute to a female primate's success at feeding include
Food Quality
Food Availability
Distribution of Food
Which of the following is true about chimpanzee tool use?
Chimpanzees use tools mostly for acquiring food
Researchers have found that many primates can learn how to fashion tools and pass this information along to younger members of their society, indicating other primates may tell us more about ancient humans'
Material Culture
When there is competition among primates for mates
Males may become larger
The primate residence pattern of one-female, multimale can also be described as
Polyandrous
At the primate habitat at the zoo, your friend comments that the orangutans seem to be monogamous or mated for life. You take one look at these apes and assert that you friend is wrong when
the male orangutan bares his large canines and rears up to show he is twice the size of the female.
Dominance hierarchies among female primates are especially important with respect to
Food Procurement
Access to Mates
Resources for Raising Offspring
While swimming in the ocean with your friends, one of them starts to struggle to stay above the water. Your other friend braves a strong undertow, and both emerge safely on the beach. When the lifeguard arrives, he chastises your friend for brazenly jumpi
Cooperative behaviors such as altruism have a long history in both human and primate societies.
Chimpanzees are known to hunt other animals for their meat. A chimpanzee group will have the most success in which of the following scenarios?
A dozen male chimps hunt juvenile red colobus monkeys.
Female primates with good nutrition have
shorter intervals between birth of offspring.
A female primate has a better chance of feeding herself and her young when
large patches of fruit-bearing trees dot the landscape.
Primate behavior studies targeting the mother/infant bond suggest that
growing up with a wire surrogate mother causes infants to lack social skills.
During a class presentation on communication among apes, your classmate makes an error while listing examples of this behavior. Based on your knowledge of primate communication in general, which of the following is INCORRECT?
Diana monkeys can count to five by stomping on the ground.
During your first week as an intern at Gombe National Park, you fail to spot any chimpanzees, even in areas replete with food that the chimps are known to frequent. Dejected, you tell your supervisor, who reassures you that it will get better when
the chimpanzees become habituated to your presence.
Natural selection is related to primate communication in that
the ability to communicate allows primates to pass on information necessary for survival.
The average life span of humans is about
Twice as long as other primates
A polygynous primate society will tend to have a residence pattern of
one male, multi-female
Sometimes male primates will kill infant primates
to gain access to receptive, fertile females
Chimpanzees have been trained to communicate with humans through
American Sign Language
These bones were found in the nest of an eagle, a major predator of tree-dwelling primates. Analysis of these bones reveals they are from primate species known to live a mainly solitary existence. From this analysis, you can hypothesize that
Primate sociality is beneficial to survival