Most anthropologists are employed in
colleges and museum
Robert Redfield explained the relations between urban and rural communities by arguing that
cities were centers from which cultural innovations were spread to rural and tribal areas
__________ refers to the beliefs, customs, specialists, and techniques aimed at ensuring health
Health care system
A disease is defined as a(n)
scientifically identified health threat.
Illness is defined as a(n)
socially defined
The __________ disease theory would attribute a person's illness to the consumption of hot or cold substances under the wrong conditions.
. naturalistic
Anthropology may help the progress of education by enabling educators to avoid all of the following except
tolerance of ethnic diversity
__________ is not a proper role for an applied anthropologist
Helping to impose development programs designed solely by international authorities
. __________ disease theory underlies traditional understandings of susto
Emotionalistic
A common goal of development projects is to
. increase equity.
The Malagasy development program illustrates the importance of
the local government's commitment to improving the lives of its citizens.
__________ refers to the tendency to view less-developed countries as more alike than they are.
Underdifferentiation
The postwar baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s
fueled the general expansion of the American educational system, including academic anthropology
__________ should not be one of the goals of an applied anthropological approach to urban programs.
Creating a single universal policy to be applied to all urban communities
The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end is
applied anthropology.
Cultural resource management is an example of applied
anthropology that could pose an ethical dilemma to the anthropologist
A reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful is that
Malagasy leaders were of the peasantry, or had strong ties to it, and therefore were prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole
The statement, __________, is not true.
the British Empire saw no use for anthropologists, and British colonials purposefully distanced themselves from anthropologists in the field
Applied anthropology's systemic perspective recognizes that
changes do not occur in a vacuum, and a program or project has multiple effects.
A common problem for international development projects is that they
often assume the best way to increase production and income is through industrialization
In a comparative study of 68 rural development projects, it was found that
culturally compatible projects were twice as successful as incompatible ones
Development projects that assume all "less-developed countries" are alike
have only limited chances of succeeding.
The original marketing strategy of McDonald's in Brazil
tried to Americanize Brazilian eating habits
The statement, __________, is not true
applied anthropology is a recently developed subfield within anthropology and reflects an entirely new concern with the application of anthropology to social problems
__________ is the postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husband's community
Patrilocality
One of the main differences between descent groups and nuclear families is tha
. descent groups are permanent, while nuclear families are not.
Incest taboo
does not eliminate incest.
__________ refers to a unilineal descent group whose members claim, but cannot demonstrate, common descent from an apical ancestor.
Clan
__________ is a nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan.
Totem
The basic social units typically found in foraging societies are
nuclear family and band.
The relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer North Americans i
an adaptation to poverty.
__________ is the most stable social group among band societies with a seasonal pattern of population dispersal.
. The nuclear family
The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but
. not all cultures define incest the same way.
Substantial gifts given by the bride's family or kin is
dowry
Lobolo is a substantial gift to be given before, at, or after a marriage
by the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin.
The custom in which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband is a
levirate marriage
The anthropological term for a socially recognized mother is
mater.
In matrilineal societies
descent groups include only the children of the group's women.
__________ refers to sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative.
Incest
Rules of endogamy
. tend to maintain social distinctions between groups
__________ refers to the practice of marrying a person outside of the group to which one belongs.
Exogamy
In patrilineal societies, lobolalike gifts
make the children born to the woman full members of her husband's descent group
The custom of a dowry that goes to the husband's family correlates with
low female status.
The statement, __________, is not true.
divorce is unique to industrialized nation-states
Polygyny is
a situation in which a man has more than one wife at the same time
Exogamy is adaptive because it
increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need.
The statement, __________, is true
polyandry is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare
The zadruga is a type of extended-family household in
Western Bosnia
The Life at Home study based on middle-class people who either owned or were buying homes found that American life centered on the
. kitchen.
According to Tylor, religion evolves through the sequence of
animism, polytheism, monotheism
___________ was one of the founders of the anthropology of religion
Edward B. Tylor
Polytheism refers to
belief in multiple gods
___________ involves full-time religious specialists.
Olympian religion
___________ is the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it
Contagious magic
According to Tylor, ___________ is the idea that a person's body is inhabited by two entities.
animism
Mana is
acquired in Melanasia, but it is attached to political offices in Polynesia
__________ refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals.
Magic
Rites of passage usually consist of __________ phases
separation, liminality, and incorporation
__________ frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage.
Reversals of ordinary behavior
Induction into the U.S. Marine Corps and going through the Native American vision quest are examples of
rites of passage.
Witchcraft accusations are often aimed at
socially marginal people
Communitas is
a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness
The bodies and possessions of Polynesian chiefs considered taboo because chiefs
were imbued with a great amount of mana.
The use of voodoo dolls is an example of
imitative magic.
Malinowski found that the Trobriand Islanders used magic
in psychologically stressful situations, such as sailing.
____________ have arisen in colonial situations in which local people have regular contact with outsiders but lack their wealth, technology, and living standards.
Cargo cults
As a part of cargo cults, __________ invoked supernatural beings were invoked to intercede, to kill or otherwise deflate the European big men and redistribute their wealth.
magical leveling
Sequences of words and actions used during rituals are
liturgical orders
The statement, __________, is not true
religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain social divisions
The religious specialist most frequently found among foraging bands is a
shaman.
__________ are not examples of shamans.
Priests
The largest religion in the world, in terms of number of practitioners, is
Christianity
Witch hunts are an example of religion's function as
a form of social control.
Cargo cults are
a type of revitalization movement in response to new contact with industrial societies
Among foragers
the lack of a clear public-domestic dichotomy contributes to reduced gender inequality.
In many highland Papua New Guinea patrilineal-patrilocal societies
women are the primary producers of subsistence crops
The term intersex describes
a discrepancy between external and internal genitals
Gender stratification is
. generally reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated.
__________ is not culturally constructed.
Sex
Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and genitals, is
sexual dimorphism
In a(n) __________ society, women's status should be highest.
. tropical foraging
In general, the status of women
. is higher in matrilineal societies than it is in patrilineal societies
__________ refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes.
Gender roles
Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrated that
the relative status of women is variable, depending on factors such as subsistence strategy
In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are not characterized by
inheritance of land and prestige through female lines
The statement, __________, is not true
sexual orientation is genetically predetermined, and culture plays no role in its expression
__________ contributed to the emergence of the American notion that "a woman's place is in the home
European immigration around 1900
Gender differences among tropical and semitropical foragers shows that
women's work usually contributes more to the diet than does men's work; consequently, there is less gender stratification
In patrilineal parilocal societies
men control the prestige hierarchy
Public dichotomy
. tends to be more pronounced among agriculturalists than among foragers
Domestic-public dichotomy is defines as strong differentiation between
the home and the outside world.
Cross-cultural studies indicate that
in most societies, women tend to be the primary child caregivers
The __________ is an example of a matrilineal-matrifocal society
. Minangkabau
More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line
are headed by women.
A political system ruled by men in which women have inferior status is a(
patriarchy
__________ is not part of the patrilineal-patrilocal complex.
Reduced gender stratification
The statement, __________, is not true
according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted to take place only in a couple's residence
The worldwide increase in female-headed households does not stem from
decreasing divorce rates
The fact that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates engage in masturbation and same-sex sexual activity suggests that
. flexibility in sexual expression is part of humans' primate heritage
A matrilineal-matrilocal society is most likely to emerge when
warfare is infrequent