A historical term meant to belittle and vilify "mixed" marriages is:
miscegenation
Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups are referred to as:
racism
What is described in the text as "an invisible package of unearned assets" that are the legacy of generations of racial discrimination?
white privilege
The way people actually look is the result of their genetic traits and the environment they live in. This is known as their:
phenotype
What is another name for the "one drop rule" that is used for determining race?
hypodescent
Which term refers to laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery?
Jim Crow
The process that preserves an organism through a chemical process that turns it partially or wholly into rock is called:
fossilization
Around 15,000 yBP, modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to:
North and South America
Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called:
cultural adaptations
A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring are called a:
species
Gene migration is defined as:
exchange of genes between populations
A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n):
ethnicity
How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?
never
The process though which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as:
multiculturalism
What term was used in the past to describe a group of people but now refers to a country?
nation
The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of:
imagined community
The process by which minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups is known as:
assimilation
Ida Susser's initial research focused on:
the student movement at Kent State University (Ohio).
Ida Susser's approach to research on HIV prevention in South Africa exemplifies:
engaged anthropology.
Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:
is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.
Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that:
masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.
By studying the "fag discourse" in US schools, anthropologists have learned that:
girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.
The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called:
enculturation.
According to the text, increased participation in the global economy means that many women who migrate from the global South find work as ________ in industrialized nations.
nannies
Rape of men and women was one of the most brutal and powerful ways that gender stratification was performed in:
The civil war of El Savador
Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women in Paramaribo, Suriname, are called:
mati
________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are
Michel Foucault
Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of ________ and ________ most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011).
race; sexuality
DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, stated which of the following about marriage?
Marriage is the legal union between one man and one woman.
Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:
white European men
The lives of European women living in the colonies were restricted in all EXCEPT which of the following gender-specific ways?
religious
Heterosexuality in the United States:
is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm.
For anthropologists, ________ refers to the observable physical differences between male and female human beings, especially the biological differences related to human reproduction.
sex
Medical data indicate that ________ of individuals are born without the biological traits that make them easily classified biologically as male or female.
less than 2%
Which of the following factors would a cultural constructionist consider studying when investigating human sexuality?
a christian dating forum
Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors is called the:
ethnocartography of human sexuality.
Which of the following phenomenon is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide?
globalization
Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of which of the following in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders?
kinship and family
Countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are among those that have explicitly worked to narrow stratification through high taxation of wealth and which of the following efforts?
generous social benefits
As a ritual ceremony, the potlatch serves to establish social status not by wealth and power but by the prestige earned via a person's capacity for which of the following?
generosity
Efforts to establish more egalitarian systems of economic and social relations within highly stratified societies include which of the following communities?
Hutterite
Theorist Max Weber argued that analyzing emerging structures of stratification required an examination of which of the following?
power and prestige
Of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is commonly the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?
class
Patterns of reciprocity:
still exist, even in contemporary societies that base economic relations on the exchange of money for services.
Which of the following is another key to the social reproduction of class and was defined by Bourdieu as the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that people use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society?
cultural capital
In India's caste system, the population is divided into how many different castes, or varna?
four
Which of the following reveal the way power is distributed in a society?
income patterns
Which of the following is the term used to describe a framework for analyzing many factors that determine how class is lived rather than examining class in isolation?
intersectionality
Which of the following statements is true?
Each society develops its own patterns of stratification that differentiate people into groups or classes.
Which of the following is a pattern of relationship in which group members equally share resources and responsibilities over time based on mutual exchange?
reciprocity
Which of the following is a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources?
class
Systems of stratification and power such as class:
are not intrinsic to human culture
Karl Marx argued that the proletariat were unable to develop a political awareness of their class position because:
they were continually occupied with the struggle to make ends meet.
The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is:
two-spirits
The "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that:
during the evolutionary process, male aggression became imprinted in human DNA.
Anthropologists define ________ as the expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to individuals.
gender
Violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape is called:
sexual violence
Margaret Mead's work in the islands of the western Pacific contributed which of the following to a greater understanding of human sexuality?
This work challenged the assumptions that U.S. attitudes about sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature.
Early anthropologists considered which of the following groups as key to understanding each culture's economic, political, and religious dynamics?
descent groups
Pierre Bourdieu worked to understand the relationship between class, culture, and power by examining which of the following phenomenon in schools?
social reproduction
Anthropologists trace the roots of which of the following patterns of social stratification to the rise of intensive agriculture and populous market towns?
extreme stratification
A marginalized group outside of India's primary castes who are typically assigned the most spiritually polluting work and are deemed "untouchable" by the general population are the:
dalits
Which of the following is a type of society that is based on the sharing of resources to ensure group success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence within or among groups?
egalitarian
Systems of class stratify individuals' life chances and affect their possibilities for upward social:
mobility
The income gaps between the highest earners and the lowest earners in the United States have:
increased substantially during the past five decades due to changes in the tax code and stagnating salaries.