Applied anthropology
an area of study that uses the theories and techniques of anthropology to solve real-world problems.
Ethnology
an aspect of cultural anthropology involved with building theories about cultural behaviors and forms.
Ethnographic research
the method by which comparative data on cultures and societies is gathered in cultural anthropology.
Ethnological research
watching and talking to people in their "natural habitat
Archaeology
the study of material culture.
cultural relativism
An approach in anthropology that stresses the importance of analyzing cultures in their own terms rather than in terms of the culture of the anthropologist
political science
Anthropological interest in the power relationship among individuals in tribal societies overlaps with which other discipline?
its range covers a great depth of time
Archaeology is very well suited to the study of culture change because
Biological anthropologists
forensic anthropologists
Biological anthropologists study __________ because it reflects the effects of both environment and culture on human biology.
Human variation
Changes in clothing styles throughout a person's life is an example of __________.
culture change
indigenous societies
Peoples who are now minority groups in state societies but who were formerly independent and have occupied their territories for a long time
comparative perspective
anthropology uses data about the beliefs and behaviors in many societies to document both cultural universals and cultural diversity
ethical relativism
The belief that all rights and wrongs are relative to time, place, and culture, such that no moral judgments of behavior can be made
he global spread of humans from their African origins was made possible by __________.
the capacity for culture
The learned values, beliefs, and rules of conduct shared to some extent by the members of a society that govern their behavior with one another is __________.
culture
The study of human origins and biological diversity is __________.
physical anthropology
paleoanthropology
he study of the fossil record, especially skeletal remains, to understand the process and products of human evolution
There is sometimes tension between __________ and human rights.
cultural relativism
ethnography
term for the aspect of cultural anthropology involved with observing and documenting people's way of life
Reactive adaptation
a coping response of captive, conquered, or oppressed peoples to loss and deprivation.
Syncretism
a process by which a new cultural product is created by the selective borrowing of elements from other cultures.
Cultural skills
is/are sets of behaviors that allow people to function successfully within their environments and societies.
Cultural knowledge
the information people have that enables them to function in their social and physical environments.
revitalization movement
a type of nonviolent, reactive adaptation in which people try to resurrect their culture heroes and restore their traditional way of life.
worldview
an example of how culture organizes the way people think about the world.
Taboo
norms specifying behaviors that are prohibited in a culture
definitions of culture
selectively shared knowledge, attitudes, values, and beliefs
naturalized concepts
deas and behaviors so deeply embedded in a culture that they are regarded as universally normal or natural.
Shared assumptions that people have about the world and about the ideal culture are termed __________.
cultural models
revolution
The process by which people try to change their culture or overturn the social order and replace it with a new, ideal society and culture.
development anthropology
What is the name of the branch of cultural anthropology in which anthropologists use their knowledge and skills to help developing countries maneuver through the process of culture change?
__________ can be described as the study of the social functions of cultural traits.
Functionalism
__________ proposes that cultural differences can be explained by differences in forms or conceptual categories rather than in meanings.
Structuralism
__________ understands society and culture to be derived from its economic foundation.
Cultural Materialism
__________ views cultural differences to be best understood as complex webs of meaning rather than forms.
Interpretive anthropology
Early anthropologists such as Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan developed __________.
comparative evolutionary approaches for studying cultures
Environmental adaptation, technologies, and methods of acquiring food are emphasized in __________ perspectives in anthropology.
materialist
Ethnohistorians are interested in __________.
reconstructing and interpreting the history of indigenous peoples from their point of view
Franz Boas introduced...
cultural relativism
In response to the usual tendency to present peoples in anthropological writings as "others," anthropologists have in many cases turned to presenting __________ between themselves and the person in their research as their form of writing.
dialogues
Often, anthropological research in urban areas focuses on __________ and/or particular topics.
subcultures or small groups
reflexive anthropology
the anthropology of anthropology
The full disclosure of research goals, methods, types of analyses, and reporting procedures is called __________.
informed consent
polyphony
The many voices of people from all the different segments and groups that make up society.
American Anthropological Association
The organization that formulated the Code of Ethics to which many anthropologists adhere.
The three stages of cultural development proposed by Lewis Henry Morgan
savagery, barbarism, and civilization
Ebonics" is another term for __________.
African-American Vernacular English
summary of Sapir and Whorf's conclusion about the relationship between language and thought
language serves as a set of guideposts for human thought but does not constrain people's ability to think
componential analysis
A technique of analyzing the similarities and contrasts in a particular category, such as kinship terms or animal names.
According to Edward Sapir, vocabulary reflects __________.
what is culturally important to a people
sources of African-American Vernacular English are __________ and __________.
rural southern English, African languages
Standard versions of a language in a nation tend to be based on __________.
economic, social, and political factors
cultural presupposition
Shared knowledge and unspoken assumptions that people have as members of their culture
he Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that __________.
he form and content of language influence speakers' behaviors, thought processes, and worldviews
he study of how language use changes according to social context is __________.
sociolinguistics
Initiation rites
rituals that mark a person's transition from childhood to adulthood.
Culture
primary means by which humans adapt and survive.
Rites of passage
mark culturally significant transitions throughout the life cycle
Child-rearing practices reflect both cultural values and __________.
environmental constraints
Folklore conveys important lessons about __________.
philosophical and ethical principles
3 elements of language
symbolism
displacement
productivity