The Three Kinds of Market Exchanges
Reciprocity
Redistribution
Market
Reciprocity
The transfer of goods for goods between two or more individuals or groups; back-and-forth exchange of products, gifts, and objects; symbolizes relationships as well as satisfies material needs and wants
Redistribution
Collection of products, goods, or money from a group by a central authority, followed by distribution according to some normative or legal principle
Market
Free exchange of products and services for money at prices determined by impersonal forces of supply and demand
The Three Kinds of Reciprocity
Generalized Reciprocity
Balanced Reciprocity
Negative Reciprocity
Generalized Reciprocity
The giving of goods without the expectation of return of equal value at any definite future use. (ie charity)
Balanced Reciprocity
The exchange of goods considered to have roughly the same value; social purposes usually motivate the exchange (ie gift-giving)
Negative Reciprocity
Exchange motivated by the desire to obtain goods, in which both the parties try to gain all the material goods they can (ie bartering)
Consanguines
Blood" relatives, or people related by birth
Affines
In-laws, or people related by marriage
Kin Group
A group of people who culturally conceive themselves to be relatives, cooperate in certain activities, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk.
Nuclear Family
Family group consisting of a married couple and their offspring
Extended Family
A group of related nuclear families
Household
A dwelling or compound usually inhabited by consanguineous and affinal relatives or fictive kin who cooperate and share resources; multiple nuclear families sharing a living space
Incest Taboo
A culture's restrictive marital rules based on unacceptable sexual relations between certain kinds of relatives
Marry Out or Die Out" Incest Taboo Hypothesis
Incest taboos exist because it forces members of society to seek out mates outside of their domestic groups to widen the scale of the group's economic and political connections
Peace in the Family" Incest Taboo Hypothesis
Incest taboos exist because sexual relationships within a nuclear unit will create sexual rivalry and unrest, which interferes with the unit's ability to function
Child Familiarity Incest Taboo Hypothesis
Incest taboos exist because brothers and sisters, and any children who grew up together, have little to no sexual attraction to eachother
Inbreeding Avoidance Taboo Hypothesis
Incest taboos exist to prevent inbreeding within a familial unit, because it produces genetically weak or disadvantaged offspring
Exogamous Marriage Rules
The set of marriage rules that require individuals to marry outside of their social class
Endogamous Marriage Rules
The set of marriage rules that require individuals to marry within their social class
Monogamy
The marital practice allowing every individual only one spouse
Polygyny
The marital practice in which one man has several wives
Polyandry
The marital practice in which one woman has several husbands
Group Marriage
The marital practice in which several women and men are married simultaneously to eachother
Levirate
When a woman's husband dies, she marries his closest male kinsman
Sororate
When a man's wife dies, he marries her closest female kinsman
Bridewealth
The martial exchange custom that requires the groom and his family to transfer goods to the bride's family to validate the marriage
Brideservice
The marital exchange custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the bride's family
Dowry
The marital exchange custom that requires the bride and her family to transfer goods to the groom's family upon her marriage
Postmarital residence pattern
Where the majority of newly wed couples establish their own residence
Patrilocal residence
Postmarital residence pattern of couples living with or near the groom's parents
Matrilocal residence
Postmarital residence pattern of couples living with or near the bride's parents
Ambilocal residence
Postmarital residence pattern of couples choosing to live with either the bride's or the groom's kin. This is a permanent decision
Bilocal residence
Postmarital residence pattern in which couples move back and forth between the wife's familial residence and the husband's
Neolocal residence
Postmarital Residence pattern of couples living separately from either spouse's parents or families.
Avunculocal residence
Postmarital residence pattern of couples living with the maternal uncles of the husband (The husband's mother's brother)
Matrifocal Family
A family group consisting of a mother and her children, with a male only loosely attached, or not present at all
Unilineal descent
Trancing familial descent through only one ancestral line; the line of the mother or the line of the father
Patrilineal descent
The form of familial descent that is tranced through fathers, and only males can confirm membership for their children
Matrilineal descent
The form of familial descent that is tranced through mothers, and only females can confirm membership for their children
Unilineal descent group
A group of relatives, all of whom are related through only one sex
Unilineally extended families
Family grouping formed by tracing kinship relationships through only one sex, either male or female, but not both
Lineage
A unilineal descent group larger than an extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related
Clan
A named unilineal descent group, some of whose members are unable to trace how they are related, but who still believe themselves to be kinfolk
Nonunilineal Descent
Form of descent in which individuals do not regularly associate with either matrilineal or patrilineal relatives, but make choices about whom to live with, whose land to use, etc
Cognatic descent
Form of descent in which relatives may be traced through both males and females
Bilateral kinship
Kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship equally through both parents
Kinship terminology
The logically consistent system by which people classify their relatives into labeled categories, or into "kinds of relatives
Eskimo terminology
The kinship terminology system in which no nuclear family kin unit is extended to more distant relatives; they get their own terms (mother, father, brother, mother, uncle, aunt, cousin)
Hawaiian terminology
The kinship terminology system in which all members of a familial generation call each other brother and sister, and an individual refers to their biological parents, their siblings, and their siblings' spouses, all as mother and father
Iroquois terminology
The kinship terminology system in which parallel cousins and their parents are referred to ash though part of the nuclear family, while the cross cousins and their parents get different unique terms
Omaha terminology
The kinship terminology system in which cross cousins and their parents are referred to as though part of the nuclear family, while the parallel cousins and their parents get different unique terms
Parallel cousins
Ego's cousins whose related parent is the same gender as their sibling who is Ego's parent. (ie mother's sister and her children, father's brother and his children)
Cross cousins
Ego's cousins whose related parent is the opposite gender as their sibling who is Ego's parent (ie mother's brother and his children, father's sister and her children)
Life Course
The changes in expected activities, roles, rights, and obligations, and social relationships individuals experience as they move through culturally defined age catergories
Rite of Passage
A public ceremony or ritual recognizing and making a transition from one group or status to another.
Sexual dimorphism
Physical differences based on genetic differences between males and females
Multiple gender identities
Definitions of sexual identities beyond the female and male duality, including third and fourth genders such as man-women and woman-men
Gendered division of labor
The kinds of productive activities assigned to men versus men in a culture
Gender roles
The rights and duties ascribed to individuals because of their perceived identities as males, females, or third and fourth genders
Gender stratification
The degree to which males and females are unequal in status, power, influence, access to resources, social positions, or free will
Bands
The earliest form of human political organization; a small foraging group with flexible composition that migrates seasonally
Simple Bands
A sub-category of the Band-type political organization. An independent political unit that consists of an extended family governed by the informal leadership of the older family members
Composite Bands
A sub-category of the band-type political organization. An autonomous political unit consisting of multiple extended families that live together for most of the year, and are governed by a Big Man
Big Men
Political leaders who do not occupy formal offices and whose leadership is based on influence, not authority
Influence
The ability to convince people they should act through suggestion
Authority
The recognized right of an individual to command another to act in a particular way; legitimate power
Tribe
A form of political organization composed of several economically self-sufficient residence groups. Numbering between 1,000 to 20,000 people. There are few formal leadership positions with limited authority, access based on inheritance or personal achieve
Sodalities
Formal institutions that cross-cut communities and serve to unite geographically scattered groups. May be based in kin groups
Chiefdoms
A form of political organization composed of several economically interdependent residence groups. Numbers for a few thousands to 30,000. Centralized leadership, with a hereditary chief with full formal authority
States
A form of political organization that numbers from thousands to millions. Centralized leadership with formal full authority, supported by a bureaucracy