Anthropology 2

heterodont dentition

having different types of teeth

dry rhinarium

the area around the nostrils, typically wet in mammals

prehensile tail/grip

A tail that acts as a kind of a hand for support in trees, common in New World monkeys

demic diffusion

A population's movement into an area previously uninhabited by that group.

deme

A local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring.

endogamous

Refers to a population in which individuals breed only with other members of the population.

exogamous

Refers to a population in which individuals breed only with nonmembers of their population.

founder effect

The accumulation of random genetic changes in a small population that has become isolated from the parent population due to the genetic input of only a few colonizers.

frameshift mutation

The change in a gene due to the insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases, which causes the subsequent triplets to be rearranged and the codons to be read incorrectly during translation.

Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium

A mathematical model in population genetics that reflects the relationship between frequencies of alleles and of genotypes; it can be used to determine whether a population is undergoing evolutionary changes.

admixture

The exchange of genetic material between two or more populations.

balanced polymorphism

Situation in which selection maintains two or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population.

fitness

Average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring produced by parents with another genotype.

induced mutations

Refers to those mutations in the DNA resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals or to radiation.

Klinefelter's syndrome

A chromosomal trisomy in which males have an extra X chromosome, resulting in an XXY condition; affected individuals typically have reduced fertility.

macroevolution

Large-scale evolution, such as a speciation event, that occurs after hundreds or thousands of generations.

microevolution

Small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next.

spontaneous mutations

Random changes in DNA that occur during cell division.

Allen's Rule

The principle that an animal's limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments.

Bergmann's Rule

The principle that an animal's size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments.

cline

A gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next.

deciduous dentition

Also known as baby teeth or milk teeth, this is the first set of teeth, which form in utero and erupt shortly after birth.

diaphyses

The main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each contains a medullary cavity.

epiphyses

The end portions of long bones; once they fuse to the diaphyses, the bones stop growing longer.

sexual dimorphism

A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species.

arboreal adaptation

A suite of physical traits that enable an organism to live in trees.

bilophodont

Refers to lower molars, in Old World monkeys, that have two ridges.

brachiators

Organisms that move by brachiation, or arm-swinging.

canine-premolar honing complex

The dental form in which the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed.

dental formula

The numerical description of a species' teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

diastema

A space between two teeth.

dietary plasticity

A diet's flexibility in adapting to a given environment.

diurnal

Refers to those organisms that normally are awake and active during daylight hours.

hominin

Humans and human ancestors in a more recent evolutionary taxonomy; based on genetics.

loph

An enamel ridge connecting cusps on a tooth's surface.

opposable

Refers to primates' thumb, in that it can touch each of the four fingertips, enabling a grasping ability.

power grip

A fistlike grip in which the fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposite directions.

tooth comb

Anterior teeth (incisors and canines) that have been tilted forward, creating a scraper.

altruistic

Refers to a behavior that benefits others while being a disadvantage to the individual.

habituate

Refers to the process of animals becoming accustomed to human observers.

infanticide

The killing of a juvenile.

kin selection

Altruistic behaviors that increase the donor's inclusive fitness, that is, the fitness of the donor's relatives.

monogamous

Refers to a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.

polyandrous

Refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female, several adult males, and their offspring.

polygynous

Refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

sexual selection

The frequency of traits that change due to those traits' attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

Tarsiers

-Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini (was Prosimii)
Infraorder: Tarsiiformes
Family: Tarsiidae
Genus: Tarsius
-Prosimian Traits:
Molar morphology
Toilet claw
(on second toe)
Unfused mandible
-Anthropoidea Traits:
No rhinarium
No dental comb
Eye socket pa

Brachiation

specialized form of arboreal locomotion in which movement is accomplished by swinging from one hold to another by the arms. The process is highly developed in the gibbon and siamang, which are anatomically adapted for it in the length of their forelimbs,

Mouse Lemur

are nocturnal lemurs of the genus Microcebus. Like all lemurs, native to Madagascar.
have a combined head, body and tail length of less than 27 centimeters (11 in), making them the smallest primates however, their weight fluctuates in response to daylight

Bush Babies/Galagos

named for infant like scream/large ears/nocturnal/long tails/Subsaharan Africa/Vertical Clinging and Leaping (up to 7 feet!)

Marmoset

-new world monkeys
-Most marmosets are about 20 centimetres (8 in) long. Relative to other monkeys, they show some apparently primitive features: they have claws rather than nails, and tactile hairs on their wrists. They lack wisdom teeth, and their brain

Colobus Monkey

-herbivorous
-live in territorial groups of about 9 individuals, based upon a single male with a number of females and their offspring
-babies completely white

Siamang

-tailless, arboreal, black-furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra
-can be twice the size of other gibbons, reaching 1 m in height, and weighing up to 14 kg
-large gular sac (found in both males and females of the species),

Talapoin Monkeys

-smallest old world monkey
-diurnal and arboreal, preferring rain forest or mangroves near water
-live in large groups of 60 to 100 animals
-Groups are composed of several fully mature males, numerous females and their offspring
-omnivorous

Bonobos

- one of the two species making up the genus Pan; the other is Pan troglodytes, or the common chimpanzee
- omnivorous
- popularly known for its high levels of sexual behavior. Sex functions in conflict appeasement, affection, social status, excitement, an

Gibbons

- low sexual dimorphism
- tailless
- masters of their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation, swinging from branch to branch
-walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance

Strepsirhini

� Rhinarium (wet, hairless nostrils)
� Great sense of smell
� Nocturnal
� Prominent whiskers
� Large, mobile ears
� Gap in upper border of nostril making nostrils look
crescentic
� Rostrum (protruding snout)
� Specialized scent glands
� Grooming claw on s

toilet/grooming claw

specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates, used for personal grooming. All prosimians have a __________, but the digit that is specialized in this manner varies. Tarsiers have a __________ on second and third toes. With one possible excepti

Prosimians

-type of primate that include lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, and tarsiers, but not monkeys, apes, or humans
-considered to have characteristics that are more "primitive" than those of monkeys and apes
-are the only primates native to Madagascar, but are als

Aye-Aye

-Family Daubentonidae
-Largest nocturnal primate
-White flecked, dark brown coat
-Long bushy tail
- Protruding ears
-Claws on all digits except for big toe that has
nail
- Solitary
- Quadripedal
- Large incisors in upper jaw
- Par of large incisors in low

Potto

-Size: Up to 2.2 lbs
-Toxic excretions
-Thickened skin on neck=protective shield
- strepsirrhine primate from the Lorisidae family
-Like other strepsirrhines the _____ has a moist nose, toothcomb, and a toilet claw on the second toe of the hind legs

Baboon

-African and Arabian Old World monkeys belonging to the genus Papio, part of the subfamily Cercopithecinae
-have long, dog-like muzzles, heavy, powerful jaws with sharp canine teeth, close-set eyes, thick fur except on their muzzles, short tails, and roug

Tamarins

-squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus Saguinus
-Mustache-like facial hairs are typical for many species
-They are diurnal and arboreal, and run and jump quickly through the trees
- live together in groups of up to 4

Spider Monkeys

-New World monkeys in the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae
-disproportionately long limbs and long prehensile tails make them one of the largest New World monkeys and gives rise to their common name
-They primarily eat fruits, but will also occasionall

Gorilla

-largest extant genus of primates by size
-ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Africa
-DNA is highly similar to that of a human, from 95-99% depending on what is counted, and they are the next closest living

Chimpanzees

-hominid species of apes in the genus Pan
-members of the Hominidae family, along with gorillas, humans, and orangutans
- two species are the closest living relatives to humans
-when on ground use knuckle walking
-omnivorous diet
-a troop hunting culture

Lemurs

� Black-pointed muzzles
� Whiskers
� Quadrupedal
� Squirrel to cat-sized mammals
� Hind limbs longer than fore limbs
� Long bush tails longer than bodies
� Eat with snouts, not hands on fruit, leaves,
flowers and bark
-Madagascar
-Order: Primates
Suborder

Diurnal

active during the day

Dental Comb

-is a dental structure found in some mammals, comprising a group of front teeth arranged in a manner that facilitates grooming, similar to a hair comb.
-lemurs

Loris

-All found in South and SE Asia
�Dental Comb
�Toilet Claw/Grooming Claw
�Scent Glands
�Large Eyes
�Small Brain to Body Ratio
-Nocturnal (big eyes)
-Rhinarium (moist noise)
-Hairy face
-Dark ring of hair around eyes
-White streak to nose
-Locomotion = Caut

How are humans atypical primates?

-speech
-upright posture
-hairlessness
-hand structure
-extraordinary brains
-clothing
-ability to manipulate fire
-widest range of emotion
-long childhoods

How do primates communicate?

Odors, vocalizations, gestures, and facial expressions

Why are primates endangered?

-habitat loss
-poaching
-exotic pet trade
-infectious diseases

Differences between new world monkey and old world monkeys

-Nasal Features
New World monkeys are flat nosed (platyrrhine), with nostrils opening to the sides and spaced far apart. Old World monkeys have down-facing noses (catarrhine), the nostrils are closer together and open downward, which is a trait shared wit

Different types of locomotion in primates

-vertical clinging and leaping
-quadrupedalism
-brachiation
-bipedalism.

Residence patterns of primates

-single female and her offspring
orangutans, some of the small nocturnal prosimians (mouse
lemurs and galagos), and some humans
-monogamous family group
some New World monkeys (titi monkeys), some prosimians
(indris, tarsiers, and some pottos), the small

fission-fusion society

society is one in which the social group size and composition change throughout the year with different activities and situations. This is the social pattern typical of chimpanzees. Individuals enter and leave communities from time to time

Primate tool types

-fishing for termites/ants with sticks
-cracking things with stone tools
-leaves for various things
-log as a bridge(gorillas)
-sharpened sticks as weapons

Full taxonomy for humans from kingdom to species

Kingdom Animalia (animals)
Phylum Chordata (chordates)
Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
Class Mammalia (mammals)
Order Primates
Family Hominoidea (hominids)
Genus homo
Species sapiens

ischial callosity

A thickened piece of skin found on the buttocks of animals, especially the baboon

2.1.3.3 dental formula (new world monkeys)

Platyrrhines also differ from Old World monkeys in that they have twelve premolars instead of eight; having a dental formula of
2.1.3.3
2.1.3.3
(consisting of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 3 molars)

hominoidea

anthropoid apes and human beings

molar

the most posterior and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals

distal

situated away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment

karyotype

the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism

mandibular symphysis

a small vertical ridge that marks the fusion of the left and right parts of the mandible.

incisor

-In many omnivorous mammals, such as a gorilla, they are adapted for shearing sharply
-are the front teeth present in most heterodont mammals

dental arcade

is the shape made by the rows of teeth in the upper jaw

2.1.2.3 dental formula (hominoidea)

indicates 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on one side of the upper mouth

proximal

situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment

quadrumanous

having all four feet specialized for use as hands

prognathous

having a projecting lower jaw or chin

hylobatidae

used in some classifications for the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs)

hominidae

-great apes
-chimpanzees (Pan)
-gorillas (Gorilla)
-humans (Homo)
-orangutans

Class Mammalia

-Homeothermic
-Heterodont dentition
-Diphyodonty
-Mandible with two bones
-Typmpanic membrane encased in bone
-Diaphragm
-Hard palate separating nasal cavity from oral cavity
-Four-chambered heart
-Mammary glands

Strepsirhini

includes lemurs, lorises, galagos
-split nose
-grooming claw
-tooth comb
-stronger reliance on smell
-often nocturnal
-tapetum lucidum (eye shine)
-divergent hallux (big toe)
-breeding seasons/multiple births

haplorhini

tarsiers, old and new world monkeys, gibbons, apes and humans
-dry nose
-often dilernal
-stronger reliance on sight
-larger brain to body ratio
-single births
-hands, feet more generally adapted

baboons eat aspilia leaves to do what?

to clear out parasites in their system

Ken Glander

-Howler monkeys
-eat acidic or alkaloid foods to block or invite sperm type of particular gender
-Colonies transferred from Madagascar to North Carolina. Studies how they would select appropriate foods from local species. Primates selected those leaves wi

Henry Harlow

-rhesus monkeys
-surrogate/artificial mother experiments to understand role of touch/gripping in infants

Philis Jay

-India
-female langers
-Importance of play, role of dominance hierarchies. Behavior with infants for touch and protection.

Bernadette Marriott

India rhesus monkeys/geophage-eating dirt/clay for minerals etc/cave with minerals in clay and dirt almost empty due to consumption by these monkeys/they make lines to take turns eating it

Richard Wrangham

-studies what primates eat/follows them around examining their feces
-Vernonia eaten to eliminate roundworms, pin worms, hookworm, and giardia. Vernonia has liquidy pith and juice is consumed from young shoots.

Karen Strier

-Brazilian monkeys
-Eats leaves of two tree species during mating. Leaves have compounds with bacterial infection properties and rich in protein. Will also consume phytoestrogen filled fruit if they want mating season to come sooner.

Fruit eating monkeys bigger brains than?

leaf eating monkeys because it takes more memory to find fruits than leaves

Order Primates

-Two bones in lower part of leg and forearm
-Collar bone
-Flexible prehensile grasping hands
-Stereoscopic vision
-Relatively large brains
-1-2 offspring at a time
-Long maturation of young
-High degree of dependence on social life and

Suborder Anthropoidea/Haplorhini

-Simple, dry noses
-Flattened face with forward facing eyes
-Fused lower mandible
-Size of molars increases as you go back in the mouth
-Embryos have contact with maternal blood supply
-Includes:
New and old world monkeys
Gibbons and siamangs

Superfamily Hominoidea

-Tubular tympanic bone
-Dental formula 2.1.2.3
-Broad palates
-Broad nasal regions
-Large brain
-No tail
-Long upper limbs
-Broad ilium and femoral condyles

Family Hominidae

-Great apes
-Hominids
-Fist-walking (includes orangutans, gorillas, chimps)

Jane Goodall

Original researcher in primatology. Discovered that chimps use tools, eat meat occasionally, and have engaged in warfare.