Culture
Knowledge that people acquire through socialization
Shared Culture
You can't have a culture of one person; must be shared among a group of people
Variable Culture
Not homogeneous
There are always differences in every culture
Culture is shared, but not shared equally; cross cut by gender, age, etc.
Learned Culture
Cultural knowledge is not passed through genes
Culture is a product of someone being socialized
Emerges from little interactions
Dynamic Culture
Changes through time
All cultures are always changing
Symbolic culture
Hand gestures
Practiced Culture
Culture is something people do, not something people think
Physical interactions; engaging with people on a daily basis
Culture is...
Symbolic, practiced, dialectic, power, and inequality
Dialetic
One thing is defined by its interactions with another
Antonio Gramsci
Culture is everything people take for granted; the way people assume the world should be; people are socialized to believe these things are true
Common Sense
Internalization of cultural myths
Roland Barthes
Concept-independent truth of falsity; comes to be a widely shared assumption in a given culture
Ethnography
Long-term
Intensive
Face-to-face research
Participant observation
Relativism
No culture is superior; all cultures are equally complex
Ethnocentrism
Using your own culture as the yardstick for measuring all others; it is ethnic superiority
Ethnography helps us to understand...
How social phenomena emerge from everyday practice
AAA Ethics Statement
Whatever you do as an anthropologist, you need to make sure that no harm comes to those you're studying
Transnationalism
Any processes (people, ideas, etc.) that cross boundaries and connect all sorts of people
Alterity
Otherness
Fredrik Barth
Production of ethnicity through interaction with cultural others; Neighboring others
Edward Said
Project Weakness of other, to perform strength of self
Race
A cultural category
Not a biological reality derived from scientific classifications
The cultural meaning attached to visible physical differences
One-drop rule
Invisible blackness"
There could be people out there among us who didn't look black but had blackness in them
Idea that you are black if you have any relatives who are black
Eugenics
You can create a better human race through selective breeding
Native Americans' "quantum" of blood
Used to determine access to territory
In order for you to be officially apart of xtribe you need to be able to demonstrate that one of your grandparents has been legally documented as a member of the tribe
Dichotomous relationship
Always have one that is assumed to be the default and the other side is used as a way to define the other; unequal relationship (eg: white and black)
Bourdieu & Capital
Social, Economic, Cultural, and Symbolic
Embodied
The way people act, carry themselves-learn through socialization
Objectified
Objects you own that give you prestige because they have symbolic worth attached to them (e.g. fancy car? you don't get it for the use value, you get it for
Institutionalized
Different levels of certification? Ability to say this person has achieved a level of important knowledge (e.g. a diploma)
El Barrio
Dignity and hard work vs. formal education
An important part of masculinity was not having anyone publically tell you what to do
State
Claim by government to control a territory and its population
Weber: State
Claim to legitimate violence
Foucault: State
Claim to deem which groups are a threat to society
Antonius Robben
Threat of those in the middle; unclassifiable
Linda Green
Pain of ambiguity
Naomi Klein: Shock Doctrine
Torture as "cure"; "heal" national body