Culture
Learned
Shared
Pattered
Adaptive
Symbolic
Ethnocentrism
The opinion that one's own way of life is natural or correct and is the only true way of being fully human
Cultural Relativism
Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living
Human Agency
The exercise of at least some control over their lives by human beings. Done by making interpretations, formulating goals, and setting out in pursuit of them; the degree of control an individual has over his/her life
Argentina's Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
Example of Human Agency
Moms of children who wer edisposed of by government rose up together, appeared on thursdays with pictures of missing children, marched around plaza with white head covering, shamed government
Luke Lassiter
Case study of Kiowa Christianity
Issues of cultural change and cultural authenticity
Kiowa Christianity
Sang christian hymns in native language, their language brought them closer to god than english, kept the language alive, who christianized whom?
Human Rights and Cultural Relativism
FGM
FGM Controversy
Part of Islam? Control over women? Women feel pure and whole when theyve gotten it done?
Symbolism of infibulated female body
...
Janice Boddy
FGM, Hofriyat village Northern Sudan
Symbolism of infibulated female body
Simply slaves to society?
Sally Engle Merry
Human Rights Law and the Demonization of Culture
Call from reported about Pakistan rape, you don't have to be a slave of your own culture, "anything can be justified in terms of extreme cultural relativism
Human Rights Law and the Demonization of Culture
Perceptions of anthropologist and misunderstandings about cultural relativity, moral relativism
Mrs Goundo's Daughter
The tragedy of Female Genital Cutting
Participant Observation
..., In ethnography, the technique of learning a people's culture through social participation and personal observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with individual members of the group over an extended period o
Culture Shock
The disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
Multi-sited fieldwork
Ethnographic research on cultural processes that are not contained by social, religious, or national boundaries, in which the ethnographer follows the process from site to side, often doing fieldwork at sites and with persons who traditionally were never
reflexivity
Critically thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on one's own experience
Going Native
...
Violating Apartheid
...
Inter-cultural communication
...
Ethnography
An anthropologist's written or filmed description of a particular culture
holism
Perspective on the human condition in which the whole is understood to be greater than the sum of its parts.
Emic
Insiders perspective
Etic
Outsiders perspective
Dialect of Fieldwork
the process of building a bridge of understanding between anthropologists and informants so that each can begin to understand the other
New Ethnography
Mutually collaborative, intersubjective meanings
Cultural Capital
cultural knowledge and cultural competencies that people need to function effectively in society, Ray lacked this and therefore couldn't function in society
Ruptures in communication
Can create stronger understanding of the culture if resolved, but can end fieldwork if unresolved
Cultural Appropriation/Borrowing
Borrowing symbols or traditions from another culture
Marion Benedict
Fact vs Fiction: An Ethnographic Paradox Set in the Seychelles
William Klausner
Going Native, impossible because you didn't grow up there
Jane Mulcock
Ethnography in Awkward Spaces: An Anthropology of Cultural Borrowing, neopaganism
Phillippe Bourgois
Violating Apartheid in the US-in search of respect, the drug NY harlem chapter we read, his presense was a violation of social norms
Dr Alexander's
Ethnographic fieldwork in chile:Resiliancy in Hostile Environments: A Comunidad Agricola in Chile's Norte Chico.
Different pictures of communitas during periods of drought and rain; no private property, migrant work in northern copper mines when there is
15th Century
Voyages of Discovery
Origin of World Capitalist System
Colonialism
Mid 16th Century
Competing views of native peoples
great debate in spanish court
Montaigne "On Cannibals
Great Debate
de las Casas vs Sepulveda
Indians as "natural slaves"
mid 16th century
Montaigne "On Cannibals
Noble Savage/Ecologically noble savage
The idea that indians were perfectly in harmony with the environment and not effecting it at all; false
19th Century
Unilateral Cultural evolution
Armchair anthropology
living ancestors
Society analogous to a living organism
Psychic unity
The idea that all humankind shares the same mentality; all human minds are the same regardless of time or place; associated with unilineal evolutionists;(monogenesis)
Pathway of Unilateral Cultural Evolution
Savagery-Barbarism-Civilization
Edward Tylor
Religion
Animism-Polytheism-Monotheism-Science
20th Century
Franz Boas importance in American Anthropology
Salvage ethnography
Emphasis on fieldwork
Holistic perspective- origins of 4 field approach
Cultures as unique products of their own history and environment
Alfred Kroeber
Ishi the last Yashi
Edward Sapir
Linguistic Anthropology
Indirect rule
When the colonists ruled through the chief instead of replacing him with one of their own; easier to control one and make him control the rest
Classification of Political Structures
Band-Tribe-Chiefdom-State
Alex de Waal
The Genocidal State: Hutu Extremism and the Origins of the Final Solution in Rwanda
Neil Whitehead and Brian Ferguson
Deceptive Stereotypes about Tribal Warfare
effected by sickness and warfare by contact
rowanda
Steven Rubenstein
Shuar Migrants and Shrunken Heads Face to Face in a NY Museum
indians made more because they wanted to trade within the new economic system, not because the heads were an integral part of their culture; lost tradutional value
modern indians see it as a re
Cognative evolution
edward b taylor
how culture solves problems, answers questions, emphasis on evolution of religion
Cultural Evolutionisn
More progressive than unilateral evolutionism, idea that primitives aren't biologically different, they are simply in a different stage of evolutionary cultural development, slightly incorrect regarding the stage of evolution; based on conclusions gathere
British social anthropology
origins in colonial setting
indirect rule
classification of political structures
classification of political structures
band/foragers-tribe-chiefdom-state
Hamatic hypothesis
Idea from the bible taken by the germans that the tutsi has a strain of the aryan race and therefore is better than the hutu and the twa