Earliest modern Homo sapiens were present as early as _____ at_____
35,000 yBP
Mladec (Czech Republic)
Pestera cu Oase (Romania)
Latest archaic Homo sapiens (Neanderthal) survived until______
32,000 yBP
Neanderthal and early modern humans....
coexisted in Eastern Europe
goes against multi regional theory
goes against out-of-Africa model- shows inbreeding between two groups
Mitochondrial DNA
used to find potential clues about modern people's origins
shows similarity between Neanderthals and dissimilarities between Neanderthals and modern humans
_____ mtDNA base pairs from Neanderthal differ completely from living Europeans
27
Genetic differences between Neanderthals and modern humans suggests?
no gene flow occurred between Neanderthal and modern humans
Neanderthal contributed no genetic material to modern human gene pool
Extinct or genes lost to genetic drift
high thoughput DNA sequencing
a technology through which a genome can be sequenced from a compilation of various genome fragment recovered from fossil bones
High thoughput DNA sequencing results show
Eurasians and Neanderthal share 1-4% nuclear DNA
Africans share none
Denisovan gene
Paabo
neither Neanderthal or modern human
came from widespread population modern humans would have encountered
sub-Saharan Africa populations are...
most genetically diverse
Explanation for African diversity
a population of group of populations that have been around a long time will have accumulated more mutations (modern people existed there longer)
200,000 yBP
had a significantly larger breeding population size
Flaws in Out of Africa model
correctly accounts for for the origin of modern human variation
incorrectly asserts that no gene flow occurred between Neanderthal and modern humans
Flaws in Multi regional continuity
correct about gene flow ans notion that Neanderthals have contributed to modern human gene pool
but wrong about modern H sapiens regional development
Neanderthal's disappearance after 30,000 yBP explained by
their assimilating into much larger. more genetically diverse population so of modern humans migrating into Europe from Africa
Neanderthals have contributed what to the gene European gene pool?
genetic
behavioral
adaptive legacy
prior to 50,000 yBP, humans only occupied
Africa
Asia
Europe
What caused human migration?
population increase
disappearances of food resources
increased competition with neighbors for resources
climate deterioration
Earliest archaeological evidence of humans in Australia
Lake Mungo
40,000 yBP
skulls with high foreheads and small brow ridges
Lake Mungo skulls resembled ones from...
Kow Swamp
suggests common genetic origin
early Australian and present Australians
evidence suggest ancestral relationship
mtDNA evidence doesn't support but most likely it hasn't survived (extinct around 40,000)
Homo floresiensis
Hobbit
possible new species of Homo
Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia
isolated early in human evolution
or suffered from microcephaly (cranium and brain underdeveloped)
shovel shaped incisors
dental trait in Native Americans and Asian
incisors have varying degrees of concavity
suggest common ancestry
Native American
O blood type
95% mtDNA falls into 4 haplogroups (A, B, C, D) maternal line of inheritance
America's founding populations
adapted to cold, dry climates
crossed land bridge (Beringea) Siberia to Alaska
Migration from Asia to America took place in? We know this how?
15,000 yBP
mutation rates of mtDNA and Y chromosones
nucleotide polymorphisms
rapid process
Paleoindians
earliest people associated with habitation and material cultures in NA
Clovis and Folsom cultures
Clovis
earliest Native American culture of NA
large, fluted, bifacial stone projectile points used as spears
Folsom
Early native American culture
used stone spears
Paleoindians differed from recent Native Americans
skulls long and narrow
faces robust
large attachment areas for mastication muscles
Modern
defined by anthropologist based on a series of distinctive characteristics that contrast with archaic characteristics found in earlier hominids
Modern people
high and vertical forehead
round, tall skull
small teeth
small face
projecting chin
gracile, narrow bones
Homo sapiens
longer, lower skull
bigger, more projecting face
taller, wider nasal aperture
more projecting occipital bone (occipital bun)
larger teeth
no chine
thicker postcranial bones
Some Upper Pleistocene hominin skeletons have mixture of
archaic and modern features
Skhul 5 skeleton
from Israel
Hominin with archaic features
forwards projecting face
pronounced brow ridges
distinctive chin
no occipital bun
Herto skull
Ethiopia
combination of archaic and modern features
modern features dominant
Home sapiens' evolution begins with
emergence of archaic forms
350-500,000 yBP
First modern Homo sapiens
Appeared earliest in Africa
160,000 yBP
Spread to Europe last
Full global transition- 250,000 yBP
Hypotheses explaining the origins of modern peoples
Out of Africa
Multi regional continuity
Out of Africa
Modern Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe
Replacing the indigenous archaic Homo sapiens populations living on these two continents
explains the single species of living humans by emphasizing a single origin of modern p
Multi regional
transition to modernity as having taken place regionally and without involved replacement
African archaic HS gave rise to African modern HS, Asian archaic HS gave rise to modern Asian HS, etc
emphasizes the importance of gene flow across population bounda
Both models seek to explain
why today human beings consist of one genus and that genus consist of just one species
fossil remains of archaic Homo s have been found throughout
Africa
Asia
Europe
African Homo s evolved into modern by
160,000 yBP, as early as 200,000 yBP
Archaic Homo s in Asia and Europe consist of
an early group and late group
divided at about 130,000 yBP
Earliest forms of Homo sapiens
350,000 yBP
found in Africa, Asia, and Europe
Evolved from Homo erectus
All fossils representing archaic HS and HE show continued
reduction in skeletal robusticity
smaller tooth size
expansion in brain size
increasing cultural complexity
Kabwe, Zambia
skull found there showed similarities to early archaic hominins from Europe
large face
large brow ridges
thick, cranial bones
Asian skulls vs African/European
are higher
show more brain expansion
Ngandong, Java
fossil that best represent early archaic HS
brain cases only, face missing
Skull is higher than HE ancestor, brain expansion
Share number of features with other Asian early archaic HS
Narmada and Dal
cranial large and robust
brow ridges large, not as large as HE
Early archaic HS in Europe
430,000 yBP
Sima de los Huesos, Burgoes
Most significant fossil
Atapuerca 5
Atapuerca 5
skull with postcranial skeleton
large brow ridge
pronounced facial protection
nasal aperture tall and wide
foreshadow facial features of Neanderthals
Other prominent HS skulls (locations)
Arago, France
Petralona, Greece
Steinheim, Germany
Swancombe, England
Earliest Homo s tools
same kind as HE
more diverse tools to acquire and process food
Change in jaw, teeth, and face
reduced in size
cultural innovation and increased dependence on material culture
use of front teeth increased
incisor and canines
size increased
used for tools
Neanderthals
far western Asia (middle east)
new patter of morphology reflecting regional variation
adaption to cold climate
Neanderthal features
wide and tall nasal apertures
projecting face
occipital bun
long, low skull
large front teeth
wide body, short limbs
Last archaic Homo s
increased brain size
reduced tooth size
decreased skeletal robusticity
La Chepelle-aux Saints
Most complete Neanderthal skeleton
Marcellin Boule
believed post/cranial traits too different and primitive to provide basis for later human evolution (not true)
Neanderthal skeletons
enormous nasal aperture
part of adaptive complex reflecting cold climates
ambient air to warm, humid air
distance between environment and brain
faces were large
Infraorbital foramina are larger
Stocky, short arms and legs
climate adaptation
short tibias
Mousterian/Middle Paleolithic culture
stone tool culture in which Neanderthals produced tools using Levallois technique
300,000-30,000 yBP
Levallois
distinctive method of stone tool production
core was prepared and flakes removed from surface before final tool was detached from core
complex
Upper Paleolithic
earliest culture associated with early modern Homo s
produced stone tools that were modern and complex
required precise, manual dexterity
Neanderthals were effective hunters
animal bones near habitation cites
stable levels of nitrogen and carbon
ate a diversity of plants
normal stress levels on teeth
Neanderthals buried their dead
bodies carefully positioned
purposeful symbolic behavior
Neanderthals spoke
Hyoid bone
attacked to tissue and muscles needed to speak
FOXP2 gene
strongly implicated in production of speech
scratches on canines
brain laterality
means they spoke
Neanderthals used symbols
painted shells, used as body ornaments
used symbols to communicate ideas and expressions
Neanderthal characteristics
relating to climate adaptation
material culture
efficiency in hunting strategies
treatment of the deceased
used of speech and symbolism
behavior similar to modern humans
size and robusticity of bones show they were physically active
Early modern Homo s
hominins moved into new areas of the world
spread to regions with extreme enviroments
significant increases in population size
increased ability through cultural means of adapting new and difficult landscapes
development of new technologies
Four major Upper Paleolithic cultures
Aurignacian
Gravettian
Solustream
Magdalenian
Aurignacian
45-30,0000 yBP
associated with the first anatomically modern humans in Europe
Gravettian
30-20,000 yBP
Perigordian in France
earliest art, carved figures
Lagar Velho, Portugal
Solustream
21-17,000 yBP
France and Spain during last glacial peak
made very fine stone points
Magdalenian
17-12,000 yBP
successful hunters of reindeer and horse
spread out across Europe as conditions improved at the end of the Ice Age
made many paintings and carving
Early modern Homo s in Africa
200-6,000 yBP
Earliest evidence shows modern peoples anatomical features
Herto, Aduma, Bouri
Middle Awash River Vally, Ethiopia
Omo, Ethiopia
Herto skull II
cranial capacity close to modern average
tall cranium
vertical forehead
smaller brow ridges
non projecting ridges
Modernization in Africa first took place in
East Africa
Emerged in Africa long before Europe and western Asia
Oldest evidence of anatomically modern humans
Omo
195,000 yBP