The genus Australopithecine includes hominins that lived about
4 to 1 mya
Your mom has started complaining to you about her varicose veins and is thinking about surgery. You try to convince her not to by noting that
people might not mind varicose veins as much if they realized they were a direct consequence of bipedalism.
Which of the following reflects changes in Homo erectus from Homo habilis?
thicker cranial bone
bigger brow ridges
smaller teeth
Your roommate, a staunch vegetarian, argues that eating meat is unhealthy. You counter this argument by noting that the latest research in paleoanthropology suggests that
we might not be the tall, big-brained humans we are today had our hominin ancestors not eaten meat.
Bipedalism has disadvantages to quadrupedalism, including
development of arthritis and back injuries.
All of the following are cultural adaptations initially developed by Homo erectus EXCEPT
tool use.
The difference in anatomy in these bones illustrates that
apes can grasp tree branches better than humans.
Robust australopithecines differ from earlier australopithecines in their
larger back teeth.
smaller front teeth.
larger faces.
Neandertal remains have been recovered from all of the following locations EXCEPT
Omo, Ethiopia
If a fully clothed Nariokotome boy were walking down the streets of New York City, which feature would indicate that he was NOT a modern human?
the way he walked
his large teeth
his height
*None of the choices is correct.
Which of the Fayum primates may be linked to the platyrrhines as evidenced by the presence of three premolars?
parapithecids
The first hominin species to disperse from Africa, where it originated, was
H. erectus.
Robert Sussman's angiosperm radiation hypothesis is based on the finding that
fruit was a newly available food source in the Cenozoic era.
When they were first found, Neandertals were depicted as stupid, hairy, knuckle-dragging brutes. Evidence that refutes this depiction includes
the hyoid bone of the Kebara Neandertal.
the limb positioning of the La-Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal.
the 1,740cc brain of the Amud Neandertal.
These footprints found in the ash at Laetoli show that hominins had which of the following characteristics of bipedalism?
nondivergent big toes
double arches
rounded heels
It is possible that australopithecines went extinct and Homo flourished because of
habitat changes.
The Fayum primates in the Oligocene epoch were the
Oligopithecids.
Parapithecids.
Propliopithecids.
The wear pattern on the teeth of this Shanidar 1 Neandertal indicates that
he used his teeth like a third hand.
Bipedalism's advantages over quadrupedalism include
free hands for other uses.
increased ability to see greater distances.
ability to run long distances.
While watching a television program on Neandertal origins, you hear the molecular geneticist Matthias Krings state that mtDNA analysis found that two dozen base pairs were different between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans, indicating we are not
the mtDNA analysis is true, but testing of nuclear DNA has found some similarities between Neandertals and modern humans.
One of the tools of modern humans in the Americas was the
Folsom fluted point.
Some people think the reconstruction of Kennewick Man's skull looks a bit like Patrick Stewart, the actor who played Captain Picard on Star Trek. The cranial morphology of Kennewick Man, however, shows
a robust face and jaws that are not found in modern European men.
The _____________ hypothesis about hominin bipedalism states that energy-efficient walking on two legs arose so that hominins could search for food that was dispersed as a result of climatic changes at the end of the Miocene.
patchy forest
During excavations at this site in China, researchers found the fossil remains of over 40 hominins.
Zhoukoudian
Which of these tools indicates that H. sapiens began eating a new type of food?
harpoon
Fossils of H. erectus have been found at which of these sites in Ethiopia?
Bouri
Bodo
Buia
H. erectus has also been known as
Java man.
Pithecanthropus erectus.
Peking man.
The first primate fossil to be described by a scientist was recorded by
Georges Cuvier.
The Out-of-Africa model of modern human origins states that modern humans
spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.
During your internship with the Medical Examiner's Office, you observe the ME attempt to identify an unknown individual based on skeletal remains. The ME asserts confidently that the deceased was of Asian or Native American ancestry. How does she know thi
The individual has shovel-shaped incisors, a heritable trait often found in East Asians and their descendants.
Charles Darwin hypothesized that bipedalism arose so that hominins would have two free hands to create and carry weapons. The fossil evidence that now refutes this hypothesis includes
the small brain and large canines of Ardipithecus.
The short calcaneus bone of Eosimias demonstrates that
the primate moved like a monkey.
the ankle of this animal is anthropoid-like.
this animal is likely to be a human ancestor.
This picture shows the skeleton of the most famous Au. afarensis individual, nicknamed
Lucy.
A valid critique of the Out-of-Africa model of human evolution based on recent research is that
there was probably gene flow between Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens.
H. erectus's brain increased about ________ compared to H. habilis's.
30 percent
This phylogenetic chart of catarrhine origins indicates that
Aegyptopithecus was not ancestral to the great apes.
Oreopithecus was an evolutionary dead end.
Old World monkeys and hominids last shared a common ancestor about 25 mya.
The skeletal anatomy of Proconsul indicates it can be classified as
an ape.
The skeletons found on the Indonesian island of Flores have been interpreted as
a new species based on the morphology of the wrist bones.
Neandertal remains from Shanidar cave in northern Iraq provide evidence of
care for the injured.
Your physical anthropology professor asks you to arrange a bag of foot bones in anatomical position. When you finish, she asks you what you can tell from this right foot. You say that this hominin
lived in the trees part of the time.
The oldest pre-australopithecine, or a fossil link between late Miocene apes and australopithecines, found to date is
Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
Evidence of fire use at Wonderwerk Cave included
Acheulian tools.
burned animal bones.
burned plants.
Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis for how anthropoids got to South America?
African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.
The main reason that H. erectus increased in stature and body size over H. habilis is
access to animal protein.
Modern H. sapiens differ from the archaic form in having
high, vertical forehead.
no occipital bun.
a mental eminence.
This cave wall in Chauvet, France, shows
that early modern Homo sapiens were creating art as early as 30,000 years ago.
Which of the pre-australopithecines was found outside of East Africa?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Which of the following is a way in which omomyids differed from adapids?
omomyids had a wide variation in their premolars and molars
The common ancestor of all later catarrhines, Old World monkeys, and hominins was likely
Aegyptopithecus.
The largest primate that ever lived, named for its massive size, was
Aegyptopithecus.
Eosimias.
Oreopithecus
*None of the choices is correct.
Your classmate, whose part-time job entails reorganizing the paleoanthropology lab on campus, asks you to take a look at a skeleton that she thinks is that of a primate. After noting the absence of a postorbital bar, nails, and an opposable thumb, you tel
she should label this skeleton a plesiadapiform rather than a primate.
The oldest australopithecine species is
Au. anamensis.
This skull shows some of the characteristics of H. erectus, including a long cranium, low forehead, large brow ridges, and
a sagittal keel.
The _____________ hypothesis proposed by Owen Lovejoy states that the advantages of males carrying food and bringing it to females and young could have contributed to the rise of bipedalism.
provisioning
In an argument with your parents, they claim that the only difference between australopithecines and early Homo species is that the latter had a bigger brain. You argue that there are other differences, such as that
in addition to a larger brain, early Homo species have a smaller face and smaller teeth.
H. erectus's change in limb proportions, to a body with short arms and long legs, indicates
fully modern bipedal locomotion.
An animal bone with both animal tooth marks and stone tool cut marks may provide evidence that Homo erectus scavenged for meat if
puncture holes from carnivore teeth are found beneath cuts made by manufactured tools.
Homo habilis differs from earlier australopithecines because it
had a larger brain.
Humans differ from apes because
humans use spoken language.
A valid critique of the Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans can be found in the fossil record, which shows that
modern variation originated in Africa based on the fossil record.
A valid criticism of the idea that anthropoids evolved independently in Africa and South America is that
there are striking similarities between Old World and New World primates, not only in phenotype but also in genotype.
As a corollary to the idea that primates emerged as an adaptation to an arboreal environment, Matt Cartmill proposed that
catching small prey was more important in primate evolution than living in the trees.
______________ arose around 3.5 mya and gave rise to at least two branches of hominins�later australopithecines and the genus Homo.
Au. afarensis
Modern humans migrated into North America around
15,000 yBP.
Primate fossils have been recovered from all of the following continents except:
Australia
The earliest modern humans in Australia, dating to 50 to 40,000 yBP, were found
at Lake Mungo.
Paleoanthropologists know that Acheulian hand axes were used to butcher animals because
the wear patterns on ancient tools are similar to those that can be replicated experimentally.
Neandertals were well adapted to cold, owing to body changes such as
short limbs.
These stone tools made by H. erectus belong to the ___________ tool complex.
Acheulian
Robust australopithecine species include
Au. aethiopicus.
From 12 to 8 mya, Dryopithecids were found in _____________ while Sivapithecids were found in _____________.
Europe; Asia
The Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans states that
gene flow is the key to evolution, turning archaic H. sapiens into modern humans in various parts of the world.
In addition to bipedalism, what is the other major difference between apes and hominins?
Hominins have nonhoning chewing.
Eocene primates differ from Paleocene primates in the following way(s)
increased vision
larger brain
reduced sense of smell
Higher primates most likely evolved from
Anthropoids.
The arboreal hypothesis of primate origins explains that
grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.
While you and your little cousin are walking through a natural history museum, she points out the skull of an australopithecine with a large crest on the top and asks you what its purpose was. To simplify a complicated evolutionary trait, you tell your co
these hominins had muscles to eat hard foods such as nuts.
Early modern humans moved into North and South America because of
population increase.
competition for food.
climate change.
The Assimilation model of the origin of modern humans states that
modern humans evolved in Africa and spread to Europe and Asia, where they interbred with Neandertals.
Your biology instructor says in class that the fossil remains of primates from the Eocene demonstrate that they were nothing like the primates of today. After class, you argue with him, noting that
a variety of primate traits, such as convergent eyes, grasping digits, and a large brain, are common to Eocene primates and those of today.
The rapid spread of H. erectus out of Africa can be attributed in part to
material culture and tool use.
Your old roommate is in Australia on a one-year study abroad program. She excitedly Skypes you and says her Aborigine friend mentioned an australopithecine skull he discovered while on "walkabout" in the desert. The skull has a small brain and shows some
there is no evidence that australopithecines ever left Africa.
Euprimates, the first true primates, consisted of the following two groups:
Omomyids and Adapids
A valid criticism of the arboreal hypothesis of primate origins is that
the opossum is also an arboreal mammal but did not develop uniquely primate traits.
The best-known australopithecine, represented by hundreds of fossils and dozens of individuals found mostly at Laetoli and Hadar, is
Au. afarensis.
Neandertals differed from archaic H. sapiens in their
inability to speak.
careless treatment of the dead.
small cranial capacity.
*None of the choices is correct.
Paleoanthropologists have found stone tool marks on Homo erectus bones, and this bit of information has been spun on TV as "cannibal hominins." A valid criticism of this sensationalistic conclusion is that
the tool marks indicate only that flesh was removed, not whether it was consumed.