Anthro quiz 8

When do the first stone tools appear in the fossil record? What is this sort of tool technology called? What is the name of the site where the earliest stone tools have been found? Name a species of hominid living at that time that is a likely producer/us

Oldowan, 1.5-2 MYA, Gona, H. eretus

Describe a trait of Homo habilis that it shares with later Homo and that distinguishes it from australopithecines?

reduced teeth and small molars (A has Larger molars)

Describe a trait of Homo rudolfensis that it shares with later Homo and that distinguishes it from australopithecines?

Larger brain and canines (A has smaller)

Of the following four traits: (a) Size of molars (b) Size of canines (c) Stature (d) Brain size Which changed in the transition from later australopithecines to Homo erectus/ergaster?

d (Increased in body and brain size. Arboreal adaptations also vanish and loss of sexual dimorphism)

Describe one anatomical trait and one cultural development that likely contributed to the first migration of hominids out of Africa. When did this migration occur? Name two regions (not just continents) outside of Africa where ergaster/erectus fossils hav

increase in body and brain size, better bipedal due to narrower pelvis, reduced arm length, longer lower leg; stone tools (enabled hunting); 2-1.5 MYA; Java and Georgia

Does hominid brain size increase beyond that of apes before or after the discovery of stone tools? With what species of ape or hominid do brains reach their largest average size?

After (stone tools); neanderthals

Describe a skull feature that is found in all the archaic Homo sapiens (e.g. including the archaic species heidelbergensis, antecessor, and neanderthalensis) and is also shared with anatomically modern Homo sapiens.

prominent brow ridge

Describe a skull feature that distinguishes all these archaic species from anatomically modern humans. (e.g. including the archaic species heidelbergensis, antecessor, and neanderthalensis)

elongated skull shape, prominent brow ridge, high forehead

Describe a skull feature that distinguishes all these archaic species from anatomically modern humans. (e.g. including the archaic species heidelbergensis, antecessor, and neanderthalensis)

highly robust skulls, with brain cases larger than modern humans (homo has larger brain)

What is the difference between the "Out of Africa Theory" of modern human variation and the "multiregional" theory (also called the "candelabra" theory)?

(OAT) one pop from Africa replacing others vs (MT) hominids evolved independently into modern humans

Out of Africa Theory" and the "multiregional" theory: What are the implications for modern racial differences?

(OAT) differences evolved very recently whereas MT suggests that differences in humans today have longer history

Oldowan Tool Technology: How old and who used it?

2.4-1.5mya used by Early Homo( A. garhi, H. habilis, H. eretus / ergaster), Australopithecus

Acheulean Tool Technology: How old and who used it?

1.5mya used by Archaic H. sapiens, H. erectus

Mousterian Tool Technology: How old and who used it?

40-100,000 years ago Used by Neanderthals & Modern Sapiens (H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens)

Australopithesine adaptations

bipedal with some suspensory adaptation, grassland habitat, large molars, reduced canines, ape-sized brain, high sexual dimorphism

Hominine adaptations

fully bipedal, no suspensory adaptation, diverse habitats, small molars, reduced canines, enlarged brain, low sexual dimorphism

Homo erectus adaptations

highly mobile societies, similar modern human sexual dimorphism, adapted to diverse ecosystems