Compared to living chimpanzees, fossil and archaeological evidence suggests that by
2.5 million years ago early hominins:
a) were more carnivorous than chimps because hominid canines were larger.
b) made and used the same types of tools chimpanzees do tod
C or D
Which of the following represents the hominid evolutionary sequence supported
by current fossil and archaeological evidence? (left = earliest ? right = latest)
a) big brains ? stone tools ? bipedalism ? colonize Eurasia
b) bipedalism ? stone tools ? big b
~B
The earliest known apes are abundant and diverse in Africa, but appear in the fossil
record of Europe and Asia only after 17 million years ago. This is explained by
a) Convergent evolution
b) Chronometric error rates
c) Genetic drift
d) Continental drift
...
Ever since Darwin's time, scientists have wondered why hominin brains evolved
their size and complexity. What has primatology contributed to our ability to
answer this question?
a) The smartest primates are all "geeks" and spend most of their time in
anti
...
Humans and chimpanzees seem very different morphologically, but their genomes
are mostly identical. What is the most likely cause of these differences?
a) habitat
b) protein-coding genes
c) cognitive ability and culture
d) regulatory genes
...
The rate of technological innovation during the Stone Age
a) slowed down during the Ice Age glacial periods and sped up during the
warm periods
b) was fastest during the Oldowan
c) increased dramatically during the last 50,000 years
d) did not change
c
Based on the fossil evidence we have studied, during which of the following time
periods did the greatest biological diversity of hominin species live at one time?
a) 10-8 million years ago
b) 7-5 million years ago
c) 4-1 million years ago
d) 1 million -
...
Of the "human" characteristics that our class discussed during the first lecture,
which one seems to have developed most recently, based on the evidence we have studied?
a) awareness of mortality/death rituals
b) the ability to cooperate and act altruisti
B
MATCH the cultural/technological stage which archaeologists associate with the
earliest evidence of the following innovations (Each choice has only one match.)
Before stone tools
Oldowan
Acheulian
Middle Paleolithic/Mousterian
Upper Paleolithic
First cont
Before stone tools: first bipeds
Boyd and Silk, in the prologue to your textbook, argue that
understanding human evolution is a key to understanding why living people look and act the way they do.
human evolution is a myth.
the only valid approach to thinking about human origins is a sci
understanding human evolution is a key to understanding why living people look and act the way they do.
What forms of evidence do anthropologists use to understand the human past?
Archaeological artifacts
Behavioral studies of living animals, such as primates, compared to humans
Skeletal comparisons of modern humans, living primates and fossils.
Comparative
All of these
Binti Jua
is a mythical beast: half human, half ape.
is a zoo gorilla who rescued a young boy who fell into her compound.
is a country in Africa.
is a gorilla who maliciously attacked a boy in a zoo in Chicago.
is a zoo gorilla who rescued a young boy who fell into her compound.
Frans DeWaal asks "Are we in anthropodenial?" What is he worried about? DeWaal thinks that
focusing on the differences between humans and apes, rather than the similariities, biases our perceptions of human evolution.
primate researchers are too anthropom
focusing on the differences between humans and apes, rather than the similariities, biases our perceptions of human evolution.
Disney animal characters like "Mickey Mouse" are good examples of
anthrocentrism
anthropodenial
anthropomorphism
anthropotarianism
anthropology
anthropomorphism
How have ethologists (researchers who study animal behavior) traditionally felt about attributing human-like mental states to explain the behaviors of other animals?
It was encouraged.
It was discouraged.
It was not a concern.
It was discouraged
Thinking about the story of Binti Jua at the zoo (as discussed in lecture and in the Frans DeWaal article), why were the spectators who watched the scenario unfold at the zoo surprised at what happened?
Gorillas were perceived as peaceful apes, and Binti
At the time, many people assumed gorillas were aggressive, antagonistic animals, and yet they did not attack the boy..
According to Frans DeWaal, the explanation that Binti Jua's behavior was caused by her confused maternal instincts is an example of
anthropodenial
magical thinking
umwelt
anthropomorphism
anthropodenial
As described in the article by Frans De Waal, can anthropomorphism be used to advance primate studies?
No, anthropomorphism is bad science and cannot contribute to primatology
Yes, anthropomorphism allows researchers to converse with primates in a human-l
Yes, anthropomorphic observations can be used to develop testable hypotheses about primate behavior.
The Piltdown specimen was accepted as genuine for many years after its discovery, because
its age demonstrated that humans had not changed in millions of years.
its large brain and ape-like teeth confirmed the evolutionary predicitons of most British scie
its large brain and ape-like teeth confirmed the evolutionary predicitons of most British scientists at the time
The success of the Piltdown hoax shows that early scientists had which sort of assumptions about the earliest humans?
All of these.
The earliest humans would be found in a country that was a part of western civilization.
A large brain size would have been
All of these
Raymond Dart noted the location of the foramen magnum on the Taung skull and interpreted this to mean that
Taung was a fake.
Taung had a small brain.
Taung stood upright.
Taung was an ancient ape.
Taung stood upright
Why was the Taung specimen rejected as a likely human ancestor by many scientists when it was first described by Raymond Dart?
Because European scientists at the time did not believe human ancestors would be found in Africa.
Because it did not fit Charles
ecause European scientists at the time did not believe human ancestors would be found in Africa.
What do "anthropo-denial" (as described in the DeWaal article) and the Piltdown hoax have in common?
They are both examples of scientists letting their biases influence their scientific judgement.
These cases both demonstrate how forensic scientists can s
They are both examples of scientists letting their biases influence their scientific judgement.
Almost a century after the scientific community argued about the meaning of the Piltdown and the Taung specimens, we have learned that
Piltdown is the earliest genuine fossil of the human family, and Taung was just a fossil ape.
both specimens were bogus.
Taung was an early member of the human family tree, but Piltdown was a fake.
In Lecture 3 we discussed how Captain Fitzroy and Charles Darwin were impressed by the finches Darwin collected in the Galapagos Islands. Their responses
were the same; both thought the finches had evolved adaptations.
differed; Fitzroy thought the birds
differed; Fitzroy thought the birds had evolved different adaptations while Darwin through they were all created supernaturally as a single species.
As described in Boyd and Silk, Chapter 1, before Darwin's explanation for the evolution of adaptations, such "designs" in nature were often used as proof
that there could be no God.
that humans were better adapted than other species.
of the existence of G
of the existence of God
Charles Darwin was the first scholar to develop a theory of evolution.
True
False
False
William Paley argued that
natural selection is the mechanism that produced change within a species.
natural selection was controlled by God.
complexity in nature is a result of "intelligent design" by a heavenly creator or God.
the world was created Octob
omplexity in nature is a result of "intelligent design" by a heavenly creator or God.
Match the individual with a description of his idea that influenced Darwin's thinking about evolutionary theory.
Charles Lyell
Carolus Linnaeus
Thomas Malthus
biological calssification
rules of heredity
economic competition for societies
uniformitarian explanations for geological change
The Grants' study of the medium ground finch showed that natural selection
cannot form a new species of finch.
cannot affect traits within a species.
can significantly affect the frequency of traits in a population in only a generation or two.
must act co
can significantly affect the frequency of traits in a population in only a generation or two.
As described in Chapter 1 of Boyd and Silk, Natural selection can produce complex adaptations like the eye because
it was useful to organisms in the past to have had even a small feature of a modern eye.
random, complex adaptations occur remarably frequen
it was useful to organisms in the past to have had even a small feature of a modern eye.
An individual's "phenotype" is the same as
its polygeneic traits.
its expressed genetic traits.
its genotype.
the number of chromosomes in its sex cells.
its expressed genetic traits.
Choose the ordered pair of terms to fill in the blanks in the following sentence.
Natural selection acts on the _____________ and can cause evolution in a / an _________________ .
genotype : phenotype
cell : organism
sub-species : species
individual : pop
individual : population
Peas were a useful subject for Gregor Mendel's experiments because they have a number of
blended adaptations.
discontinuous traits.
maladaptations.
mating strategies.
discontinuous traits.
The genetic code sequences proteins from only 20 Amino Acids. It is comprised of triplets of 4 different DNA bases, resulting in 64 possible DNA codons. Therefore
every mutation has some effect on phenotype.
40 codons are responsible for all mutations.
ea
many mutations have no effect on phenotype.
Which of the following were postulates of Darwin's theory of Natural Selection?
DNA recombination
the inheritance of variation
regulatory genes
variation in fitness
the struggle for existence
the inheritance of variation
variation in fitness
the struggle for existence
If you have two parents with the genotype Aa, what is the chance that they will have an offspring with the genotype AA?
1/2
1/4
1/16
1/8
1/4
The rate of evolutionary change recorded by the Grants among the medium ground finches in the Galapagos suggests that
microevolution only occurs among small animals while macroevolution only occurs in larger ones.
evolution can produce only small changes
natural selection could produce a new species of finch in several thousand years.
Which of the following can cause evolutionary change in a population?
natural selection
none of these choices
mutation
sexual reproduction
all of these choices (excluding "none of these")
random genetic drift
all of these choices (excluding "none of these")
Mistakes that occur during cell meiosis can
be lethal.
produce all of these effects.
produce none of these effects
have a neutral or hidden effect on phenotype.
introduce variation into a population.
produce all of these effects
Genetic evidence suggests that the diverse and unique finch populations on the Galapagos Islands evolved from a small population of a single South American species that colonized the isolated islands when they first emerged 500,000 years ago. The differen
genetic drift
The "Modern Synthesis" refers to the combination of
modern genetics and Darwinism.
Mendelian genetics and blended inheritance.
anthropomorphism and anthropodenial.
modern anthropology and animal behavior.
modern genetics and Darwinism
Studying lactose digestion as an example of human variation, we can conclude that
genetic mutations are often lethal in human populations.
culture cannot effect the biological evolution of human populations.
Correct!
environmental conditions and human cul
environmental conditions and human cultural practices can both influence the selective advantage of different alleles in a human population.
Every year IU International Programs welcomes many students from around the globe to campus with a special "Ice Cream Social", conceived as a chance for the new international students to get to know each other and sample various flavors of good, old-fashi
Offer a choice of frozen yogurt or non-dairy sherbets in addition to traditional ice cream, since many students from different parts of the world are likely to be lactose intolerant and would find yogurt more digestible.
Which of the following statements describes the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria?
Malaria is caused by sickle cell anemia.
Carriers of the sickle cell trait are less likely to suffer from malaria than people who do not carry the trait.
Carriers of the sickle cell trait are less likely to suffer from malaria than people who do not carry the trait.
Malaria does not currently exist in Sweden. Europe is currently seeing an influx of refugees from the south. Imagine that a refugee population has just been invited to settle in Sweden, and that the newcomers include some carriers of the sickle cell allel
the allele to become less frequent in each generation.
If parents are both heterozygous for Hemoglobin-S, chances are that ________% of their children will inherit NO resistance to malaria and ________% will develop sickle cell anemia.
0
25
75
100
25 for both
Which of the following is correct?
Natural selection cannot change the frequency of different phenotypes.
Natural selection can produce change when no variation is present in a population.
The strength and direction of natural selection depend on the envi
The strength of natural selection is determined by dominant alleles.
Genetic drift has the strongest effect in
medium populations
small populations
large populations
small populations
What do Phenylketonuria (PKU) and sickle cell anemia have in common?
They are both human genetic conditions that can be lethal without treatment.
All of these choices.
The frequency of both can change through time in populations in response to behavioral
All of these cells
Human skin color and lactase persistence
are both controlled by a single nucleotide polymorphism.
Correct!
are both phenotypic traits affected by natural selection during the last 10,000 years.
are both examples of genetic traits with no known adaptive va
are both phenotypic traits affected by natural selection during the last 10,000 years.
Boyd and Silk discuss examples of constraint on evolutionary processes. Such constraints can explain why
aquatic mammals are so much larger than mammals that live on the land.
None of these choices.
All of these choices.
larger animals are more agile than
aquatic mammals are so much larger than mammals that live on the land
Eugenics, through sterilization
is now medically impossible.
was outlawed in the U.S. before 1900.
was struck down as anti-constitutional by the U.S. supreme court in the 1920's.
has never been practiced in Indiana.
was legally encouraged in the U.S. duri
was legally encouraged in the U.S. during many decades of the 20th century.
Birds, butterflies and bats all have wings; these are analogous traits. What does this tell us about their common ancestry?
Their common ancestor could fly.
Their common ancestor must have had wings.
Their wings are not good indicators of their ancestral
Their wings are not good indicators of their ancestral relationships.
Both ostriches and humans are bipedal (they walk on two legs). This can be explained as an example of
convergent evolution
gene flow
polymorphism of balance
shared ancestry
convergent evolution
Linnaeus's classification of chimpanzees and gorillas into one taxonomic family, and humans into another, is
consistent with genotype but not phenotype
supported by the fact that we all share 5-digit hands.
consistent with phenotype but not genotype.
not
consistent with phenotype but not genotype.
How does the life history of a Primate differ from that typical of other orders of mammals?
Primate females give birth to more offspring at one time than most other mammals.
Primates live very short lives, compared to tother mammals.
Primates give birth t
Primates give birth to relatively few, large-brained infants.
Some species of birds and monkeys share both a dietary need for vitamin C and color (trichromatic) vision. This could be explained most parsimoniously (simply) as
the result of gene flow.
the result of random genetic drift.
homologous traits inherited fro
onvergent adaptations for a diet high in ripe fruit.
Compared to other mammals, primates characteristically have
short gestation periods.
poor vision but a good sense of smell.
stereoscopic vision.
small brains.
stereoscopic vision
Boyd and Silk, Chapter 4, discuss the "molecular clock" hypothesis which proposes that
the rates at which scientists have observed living cells undergo all the stages of mitosis in two separate organisms has increased with time.
the length of time it take
genetic mutations have accumulated across the overall genome at a relatively steady rate, so genetic differences between two species reflect the amunt of time that has passed since they shared a common ancestor.
From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following traits have humans most likely inherited from a primate ancestor, rather than an earlier mammalian ancestor?
5-digit hands and feet
body hair
live birth
2-1-2-3 dental pattern
2-1-2-3 dental pattern
When humans first arrived on Madagascar 2000 years ago, they were not the first primate to colonize the island. They encountered over 44 species of _______________.
prosimian
ape
monkey
prosimian
In Chapter 4 Boyd and Silk describe how gene flow tends to maintain similarities among members of a biological species except under some circumstances. Apply this principle to the case of lemurs on Madagascar. Assuming that Madagascar was originally colon
strong selection pressures and reduced gene flow, caused by ecological and topographic variations on the island, would have encouraged adaptive radiation and diversification into many different lemur species.
Adaptive radiation occurs when
a population expands in numbers.
a single, new adaptation spreads rapidly through a species.
a mutation caused by radiation becomes adaptive.
subpopulations of a species adapt to new environments (empty niches) and eventuall
subpopulations of a species adapt to new environments (empty niches) and eventually evolve into different species.
Genetic evidence suggests that
chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than gorillas.
chimpanzees descended from gorillas and humans descended from chimpanzees.
chimpanzees and gorillas are more closely related to each other than either is to human
chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than gorillas.
As Boyd and Silk describe in Chapter 4, humans are bipeds while chimpanzees and gorillas are both knuckle-walkers. If a taxonomist accepts the genetic evidence that chimps are more closely related to humans than gorillas, which of the following is the mos
the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimps and humans was a knuckle-walker.
You encounter a previously unknown species of Primate on your walk to the Student Building. Upon close inspection, you decide that it must be a Prosimian, and could not be a monkey, ape or human, because it has
binoccular vision, a moist nose, mobile ears
binoccular vision, a moist nose, mobile ears and whiskers and the ability to bio-synthesize Vitamin C.
In lecture you saw some video and pictures of the Aye Aye, an example of a Prosimian with an unusual feeding adaptation. It is mentioned in Chapter 5 of your text as well. Match the likely original source of its inherited anatomical pattern with one of th
inherited from an ancietn vertebrae ancestor - 5 fingered fore-limb hand
inherited from a primitive mammalian ancestor - mobile ears, a wet nose, and whiskers
inherited from an early primate ancestor - binoccular, stereoscopic, bichromatic vision
inherite
Comparing monkeys that live in South America to monkeys that live in Africa, they
differ in their dental formula (numbers of teeth).
differ in their senses. The South American monkeys have wet, moist noses and whiskers, while the African monkeys have dry
differ in their dental formula (numbers of teeth).
Comparing Spider, Howler and Cebus monkeys, natural selection has favored the relatively largest brain size for the ________ species and the relatively smallest brain for the __________ species.
tool-using; mostly leaf-eating
largest; smallest
loudest; ha
ool-using; mostly leaf-eating
Capuchin (Cebus) monkeys are remarkable for New World Monkeys because they
crack nuts and hunt animals.
are active during the day time.
live in social groups.
have prehensile tails.
crack nuts and hunt animals.
Spider, Howler and Cebus monkeys
live in the same forests of Central and South America but have different ecological niches, including feeding adaptations.
each use different kinds of tools and cooperate to get their preferred foods.
look different, but a
live in the same forests of Central and South America but have different ecological niches, including feeding adaptations.
Grooming is a primate activity that signals
social affiliation.
abstract reasoning.
anxiety.
lice infestation.
social affiliation.
What is a potential advantage or disadvantage of group living for individual primates?
Group living can increase the chances to benefit from cooperative or altruistic behavior.
Group living always reduces competition for food among group members.
Group li
Group living can increase the chances to benefit from cooperative or altruistic behavior.
Savanna baboons live in
pairs and mate for life
large, promiscuous, multi-male, multi-female troops.
small single-sex groups of 2 or 3 animals.
large, single-sex troops.
large, promiscuous, multi-male, multi-female troops.
In baboon societies, males leave their natal group. This ensures that
they will have less chance to mate with closely related females.
they wil not encounter other males when looking for mates.
they will be safer.
they will not be bothered with the respon
they will have less chance to mate with closely related females.
Baboon males are likely to
inherit their social rank from their fathers.
suffer significant stress competing in the dominance hierarchy.
only interact with females during mating.
mate only with a single female for life.
suffer significant stress competing in the dominance hierarchy.
Which of the following Darwinian Fitness challenges faces male baboons but not females?
They have to compete actively for limited mating opportunities.
They are easily distracted and often forget to mate during their lifetimes.
Their large canine teeth ma
They have to compete actively for limited mating opportunities.
Baboons form long-term social bonds, which primatologists sometimes call "friendships." One consequence of such a friendship for female baboons is that
they will only groom their one male friend.
their chronic stress is increased.
they will mate for life.
their dependent infants are more likely to survive.
As described in Boyd and Silk, an important factor that can compensate for a female monkey's low rank and her corresponding decrease in reproductive success is _______________.
positive social relationships.
age.
promiscuity.
mating fidelity.
positive social relationships.
As described in Boyd and Silk, because male primates can sire many more offspring in their lifetimes than females, sexual selection for traits in male primates is _______ natural selection.
much stronger than
negated by
weaker than
about the same as
much stronger than
Body size dimorphism between males and females is most pronounced in primate species with
the greatest competition among males over access to females.
the least competition among males over access to females.
the greatest competition among females over ac
the greatest competition among males over access to females.
male baboon reproductive success is
correlated with rank and age.
related to the abundance of females in a troop.
independent of social status.
random.
correlated with rank and age.
Compared to most monkeys, apes have
relatively smaller brains
longer legs, longer backs and longer tails.
longer arms and flexible shoulder joints, adapted for brachiation
less hair
longer arms and flexible shoulder joints, adapted for brachiation
Match each species with the description of its social organization.
Gibbon
Orangutan
Gorilla
Females and offspring are spaced in territories through the forest. Alpha males establish a territory that includes the ranges of several females. Non-alpha males
Gibbon - Lives in monogamous pairs with small territories, feeding on ripe fruit
Orangutan - Females and offspring are spaced in territories through the forest. Alpha males establish a territory that includes the ranges of several females. Non-alpha males
What impact does the environment have on primate social organization?
High competition for food resources leads females to group together defensively.
Higher densities of food cause primates to have larger territorial ranges and larger, coherent groups.
T
A low degree of feeding competition allows primates to share ranges and socialize more.
Gorillas' _______ is an adaptation to a fibrous, vegetarian diet.
canine tooth size
reproductive cycle
silver hair
large body size
large body size
As described in Boyd and Silk, which of the following statements about primate diet is true?
Foraging challenges are the same, regardless of diet.
Folivores generally have smaller home ranges than frugivores or insectivores.
Mature leaves can be eaten in
Folivores generally have smaller home ranges than frugivores or insectivores.
As described in Boyd and Silk, there is growing evidence for the sexual selection hypothesis that male primates commit infanticide because
they want to make the size of their social group smaller.
it enhances female fitness and choice.
females who lose nu
females who lose nursing infants resume sexual receptivity
You have just found a unique fossil site that contains the bones of multiple individuals of an early ape species. There seems to be a large differences in the body size and canine tooth morphology that distinguish males and females. Based on what you have
had a high degree of mating competition.
Compared to the other great apes, orangutans have
dull, black hair.
very long, grasping toes and fingers.
the largest body size.
longer tails.
ery long, grasping toes and fingers.
Before long-terms studies of primates had been undertaken, evolutionary theorists had assumed that the highest ranking males in a primate social group would also be the ones with the highest reproductive success and Darwinian Fitness. Now primate behavior
there are a variety of alternative strategies that primates can use to achieve reproductive success.
As described by Boyd and Silk, high rank usually results in greater Darwinian Fitness for female primates because dominant females
have more social partners.
have better access to resources..
suppress the breeding of lower-ranked females.
give birth to mo
have better access to resources..
All the great apes are endangered species. This is primarily due to
recent habitat destruction and hunting by humans.
social Darwinism.
eugenics.
inflexible and inept survival skills.
recent habitat destruction and hunting by humans.
The ultimate survival of endangered species like the Orangutan and Gorilla is
affected by the resources we extract to make popular consumer products.
independent of human population growth.
unrelated to the choices IU students have control over.
dependent
affected by the resources we extract to make popular consumer products.
In primates
females always care for their young.
neither females nor males care for their young.
females and males always care for their young.
males always care for their young.
females always care for their young.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
There are two species of chimpanzees.
Chimpanzees live in communities with complex, dynamic social relationships.
Chimpanzees in captivity have learned to communicate with symbols.
Chimpanzees live in Africa.
Chimpanzees are monkeys.
Unlike common chimpanzees, Bonobos
have long-term monogamous relationships.
live isolated, non-social lives scattered through the forest, like orangutans.
use both heterosexual and homosexual sex to reduce social tension or avoid conflict..
live in harem
use both heterosexual and homosexual sex to reduce social tension or avoid conflict..
Two unrelated chimpanzee males live in a community together. Chimp A grooms Chimp B in the morning, and then Chimp B shares meat with Chimp A in the afternoon. This is an example of
reciprocal altruism
reconciliation
mutualism
kin selection
reciprocal altruism
Common chimpanzee males
always act selfishly and never cooperate.
can use aggressive tactics to try to achieve social status.
are the only chimps who can make tools, which they then give to females and offspring to use.
do all the hunting and eat all the
can use aggressive tactics to try to achieve social status.
A female chimpanzee or bonobo does not reach sexual maturity until about the age of 10, and once she produces her first live offspring, there is normally a period of ______ year(s) before she will bear another.
1
3
5
7
5
Chimpanzees crack nuts
instinctively, from the time they are weaned.
whenever they watch sports on TV.
with their canine teeth.
in every habitat in which they live.
by learning to use natural hammers and anvils as they grow up.
by learning to use natural hammers and anvils as they grow up.
Meat-eating among chimps
is obtained by scavening dead animals, not by hunting.
forms the bulk of their diet.
has social as well as nutritional value.
is a daily occurrence in chimp communities.
has social as well as nutritional value.
Primatologists have suggested that common chimpanzees have different "cultures" because
they speak different languages.
they differ genetically so much that they can be divided into 5 or 6 different species around Africa.
the young in different communitie
the young in different communities of chimps learn to use distinctive types of traditional tools that are not always shared with other communities.
As described by Boyd and Silk, reciprocal altruism requires
many interactions betwen kin.
sufficient memory to keep track of altruistic and nonaltruistic acts.
the ability to count.
that there are no slackers or cheaters.
sufficient memory to keep track of altruistic and nonaltruistic acts
A theory of mind is defined as the ability
to cooperate socially.
to use tools.
to understand the mental states of other individuals.
to distinguish kin from non-kin.
to understand the mental states of other individuals.
Experiments having monkeys and apes look at themselves in mirrors revealed that
no primate other than humans can recognize itself in a mirror.
You Answered
while their young just think the mirror image is another animal, adult monkeys and apes can recogni
monkeys only identify the mirror image as another monkey, but adolescent and adult apes recognize their mirror image as themselves.
Research comparing the cognition of chimpanzees and humans supports which of the following statements?
Chimps can outperform humans on some spatial memory tasks, while humans outperform chimpanzees on tasks where social intentionality - collaboration to a
Chimps can outperform humans on some spatial memory tasks, while humans outperform chimpanzees on tasks where social intentionality - collaboration to achieve a common goal - is more successful than selfish competitive strategies.
Which of the following statements represents a viewpoint about chimpanzee research expressed by Jane Goodall in her article (assigned reading)?
Chimpanzee psychology can best be understood through studies of captive animals.
Biomedical lab research on chi
The mental health of captive chimpanzees can adversely affect the results of research experiments.
Which of the following statements about the similarity of chimps and humans is FALSE?
Both species use a range of facial expressions, gestures and vocalizaitons to communicate different emotions and intentions.
The young of both species learn to use tools
ales of both species reliably play an active role in feeding and raising their offspring.
Studies of primates during the last four decades have challenged many prior assumptions about the unique characteristics of humans. Which of the following human traits has not yet been documented in a non-human primate species?
tool making
spoken language
spoken language
As a student in A107, you have decided to donate your body to science and try to become a fossil. Given the followign choices, which would be the best place to die to increase your chances of becoming fossilized?
inside the crater of an active volcano
in
in the swampy shallows of a lake
Which of the following is an ARTIFACT, not a fossil?
a stone spear tip
a piece of petrified wood
the endocast of a skull
the mineralized bone of a skull
a stone spear tip
After an animal dies, which of the following must occur in order for its bones to become fossilized?
The animal must be deliberately buried by friends and family.
Bones must be baked by the sun until they are dried out and no longer greasy.
Carnivores mus
The bones must become mineralized after burial, allowing carbon compounds to be replaced by more durable minerals.
Why is the Rift Valley significant for our understanding of human evolution?
It contains the best fossils of Asian orangutans preserved in ancient jungle swamp deposits.
It is the place where human fossils were first found in the 17th century.
Ancient lak
Ancient lake and river sediments buried bones of many extinct animals, including primates, that are now exposed by geological faults and erosion.
Match the following geological characteristics of the Rift Valley with their significance for our search for clues to human evolution.
earthquakes and faulting
active volcanoes
tectonic basins (grabens)
Create sediments rich in potassium and argon that ca
earthquakes and faulting - Expose older sedimentary layers in outcrops on the earth's surface, where they can be searched for fossils
active volcanoes - Create sediments rich in potassium and argon that can be dated using radiometric techniques
tectonic b
_________ is an absolute dating technique, while _________ is a relative dating technique.
Stratigraphic Super-position : Paleomagnetic correlation
Potassium-Argon : stratigraphic superposition
Molecular clock : Carbon-14
Potassium-Argon : argon-argon
Potassium-Argon : stratigraphic superposition
A "relative date"
Is when you take your cousin out to dinner.
Is an absolute date with a large error rate.
Would be represented by the statement "This fossil is about 100,000 years old."
would be represented by the statement "Fossil A was buried in older
would be represented by the statement "Fossil A was buried in older sediments than Fossil B.
A "half-life" is defined as
the typical lifespan of most fossil primates, since they died when they were young.
the time it takes most college students to get a date.
the number of atoms that must be counted to acquire an absolute date.
the decay rate of
the decay rate of unstable isotopes, such as Uranium-238, Potassium-40 and Carbon-14.
Potassium-40, a radioactive isotope of potassium with a half-life of _______ years, decays to produce ______. The ratio of the parent isotope to the daughter isotope can be used to estimate the age of the rock's formation.
1.3 billion : Argon-40
1 million
1.3 billion : Argon-40
The first australopthecine fossil discovered was the little skull from Taung, South Africa, described by Raymond Dart. What process led to the preservation of this child's fossil?
The fossil was preserved under a layer of volcanic ash.
The skull became bu
The skull was the remains of an eagle's kill which had been washed into an underground cave and buried by sediments.
The Laetoli site preserves
trace fossil impressions of the footprints of many different animals, including at lest two individuals with human-like bipedal gaits.
fossil elephant dung, elephant bones and elephant footprints.
an isolated track of two bipeds
trace fossil impressions of the footprints of many different animals, including at lest two individuals with human-like bipedal gaits.
The stratigraphic diagram below illustrates the latest stratigraphic data from the Laetoli site. The footprints were found at several different localities, all embedded in Tuff 7. On this diagram the correlations between tuffs identified at different loca
The footprints are at least 3.6 million years old, and likely somewhat older.
How can we determine the chronological ages of proto-human fossils found in Africa? (Select all that are correct)
By using radiometric methods to date the layers of rock the fossils are stratified in.
By counting their teeth.
By using principles of strati
By using radiometric methods to date the layers of rock the fossils are stratified in.
By counting their teeth.
By using principles of stratigraphic super-position.
By correlating the magnetic polarity of sediments they are preserved in with dated sedimen
Radiometric dating is possible because
isotopes decay at a known rate.
when rocks are formed, chemical signatures determine how long they last.
older layers are always deeper than younger layers.
when rocks are formed, their chemical configuration is unch
isotopes decay at a known rate.
Approximately how old are the first primate fossils?
100-150 million years old
5-15 million years old
20-30 million years old
45-60 million years old
45-60 million years old
From the period when primates first evolved, the earth's climate has
varied a lot, but now is the same average temperature as it was when the first primates were evolving.
stayed the same.
fluctuated through time, but has gotten dramatically cooler, overa
fluctuated through time, but has gotten dramatically cooler, overall.
A number of early fossil primate species have been found at fossil sites in very dry areas, like Wyoming and Pakistan. This can be explained because
significant climate change has occurred during primate evolution, and fossils are easier to find on eroded
significant climate change has occurred during primate evolution, and fossils are easier to find on eroded landscapes with little vegetation cover.
As described in Boyd and Silk, the discovery of the early mammal Carpolestes (pictured below) provided support for the idea that
The earliest primates were insect predators.
The earliest primates were clingers and leapers, like modern tarsiers and bushbab
Grasping hands and feet evolved before binocular vision.
Proconsul has been described as an "evolutionary mosaic" because
it was pieced together from many broken pieces of fossil
it was a biped that had a small brain.
because it was both a biped and a knuckle-walker.
it had some skeletal traits characteristic o
it had some skeletal traits characteristic of living apes, and some skeletal traits typical of living monkeys.
When Ramapithecus was first found, it was thought to be a "missing link", the oldest known human ancestor. This hypothesis has now been rejected by scientists. Why?
It is probably the female of a sexually dimorphic ape species called Sivapithecus.
Older h
It is probably the female of a sexually dimorphic ape species called Sivapithecus.
Fossil apes are abundant in Africa throughout the Miocene, but are absent in the fossil record of Europe and Asia until 17 million years ago. This is explained by
relative dating
genetic drift
continental drift
convergent evolution
ontinental drift
Proconsul shared which of the following characteristics with modern chimpanzees?
a tail
a brain that was relatively larger than monkeys
a narrow thorax (rib cage and shoulders)
arms of equal length to legs
a brain that was relatively larger than monkeys
As described in Boyd and Silk, the earliest fossil apes
had quadrupedal locomotor patterns more like living monkeys than living apes.
were bipedal a lot of the time.
were specialized brachiators, moving through trees by hanging and swinging from limb to l
had quadrupedal locomotor patterns more like living monkeys than living apes.
The feet of humans and chimps have similarities and differences. Match the foot traits, below, with their species.
divergent big toe
large heel bone (calcaneus)
five toes
claws, not toenials
human
both chimp and human
neither chimp nor human
chimpanzee
divergent big toe - chimpanzee
large heel bone (calcaneus) - human
five toes - both chimps and humans
claws - neither chimp nor human
The footprint fossils at the site of Laetoli, East Africa, had feet
that were missing toes.
with a quadrupedal, knuckle-walking gait.
with a grasping big toe, like a chimpanzee.
with a strong heel strike and big toe parallel to the other toes.
with a strong heel strike and big toe parallel to the other toes.
While popular media depict the coexistence of prehistoric "cave men" and dinosaurs, fossil evidence indicates that the extinction of the dinosaurs occurred around 65 million years ago, while the first hominin fossils that have been found date to between
2
5-10 mya
Scientists have debated at what point human ancestors became specialized terrestrial bipeds, adapted primarily for walking or running on the ground. What do currently known fossils tell us about the likely sequence of adaptations that evolved?
Fossils sug
Human ancestors evolved from the bottom up: feet first, then legs, then hips, then spine and arms, and finally the posture of the head.
Which statement correctly describes a comparison between the fossil species Ardipithecus ramidus, and living species of chimpanzee?
"Ardi" had the same locomotor abilities as living chimps, but a larger brain size.
"Ardi" had specialized adaptations for k
Ardi" had an opposable big toe like a chimpanzee, but a shorter-broader pelvis and more flexible spine, suggesting she was more efficient walking on 2 legs, but was not as versatile a climber as a chimp today.
The earliest hominins are classified as members of our family because they had large brain-to-body-size ratios, compared to apes.
True
False
False
The fossil record suggests that
hominin bipedalism first evolved as an adaptation to savanna grasslands.
some early bipedal hominins still had primitive, grasping feet.
large brains evolved in hominins before they became bipedal.
the first bipeds were act
some early bipedal hominins still had primitive, grasping feet.
Based on the age of the site, is most likely that the footprints at Laetoli
were made by a member of our own genus, Homo.
were made by Sahelanthropus or Ardipithecus
were made by an ancestor of the chimpanzee.
were made by an early australopithecine like
were made by an early australopithecine like "Lucy" (A. afarensis).
The early australopithecine partial skeleton discovered in the Hadar region of Ethiopia, nick-named "Lucy" was
a five million year old knuckle-walker, with grasping toes.
the earliest known hominin fossil thought to be a biped.
a bipedal hominin with some
a bipedal hominin with some primitive traits, like relatively long arms and an ape-sized brain.
Evidence from South African caves demonstrates that
early australopithecines were just like modern chimps, making the chimp species Pan troglodytes an appropriate name for our ancestors.
early australopithecines lived in caves.
early australopithecines in
early australopithecines were sometimes preyed upon by carnivores and predatory birds.
By studying fossils of juveniles, researchers have concluded that early australopithecines matured
at variable rates in eastern and southern parts of the continent.
more quickly than modern humans.
more slowly than modern humans.
at about the same rate as
more quickly than modern humans.
Raymond Dart argued that the Taung child was bipedal because it possessed
a centrally positioned foramen magnum.
small canine teeth.
an S-shaped lumbar spinal column.
a femur angled in to the midline of the body.
a centrally positioned foramen magnum.
The skull anatomy, and shape, size and wear patterns of the teeth of the robust australopithecines (like Paranthropus or the "Zinj" skull from Olduvai) indicate that they were
primarily eating very soft foods, like ripe fruits.
eating tougher and harder f
eating tougher and harder foods than the earlier australopithecines.
Recently a scientific article was published that drew an analogy between the teeth of Sea Otters and the teeth of an early hominin species, noting that both shared durable, thick enamel and large molars adapted for crushing hard particles. Which of the fo
the later "robust"
Australopithecines
Fossils suggest that between 5 and 2 million years ago, australopithecine species
all went extinct.
changed very little.
decreased in body size and brain size.
evolved and diversified into different ecological niches.
evolved and diversified into different ecological niches.
Based on current fossil and archaeological evidence, in what sequence do the following behaviors and traits appear in the record? Order them from earliest to latest.
Bipedalism
Stone tool making
Brains over 600 cc
1. Bipedalism
2. Stone tools
3. Brains over 600 cc
As described in the assigned article by W.R. Leonard, early Homo would have required ______ compared to an australopithecine of the same body size.
more energy and nutrient-dense foods
much more vitamin C
a strictly carnivorous diet
more friends and large
more energy and nutrient-dense foods
The earliest known artifacts preserved at archaeological sites in East Africa were
bone knives.
long wooden spears.
termiting sticks, like those used by chimpanzees today.
sharp stone flakes, fractured cobblestones and hammerstones.
sharp stone flakes, fractured cobblestones and hammerstones.
Approximately how old are the earliest known artifacts?
2.6 million years old
1.5 million years old
4.4 million years old
1.8 million years old
3.3 million years old
3.3 mya
Fossil hand bones of hominins dating to between 4 and 2 million years ago suggest that
australopithecines and early Homo all had greater dexterity than living chimpanzees.
hominins with ape-sized brains had ape-like dexterity.
early hominin dexterity was
australopithecines and early Homo all had greater dexterity than living chimpanzees.
Which of the following accurately compares the technology of living, wild chimpanzees and early stone age hominins?
Both chimps and australopithecines used stone tools to hunt and butcher prey.
Early hominins made stone tools, but chimps only use tools ma
Both chimps and hominins used stones to hammer or pound objects to extract food.
Studies of archaeological sites like the ones at Olduvai suggest that early hominin tool makers were likely
mainly scavengers.
exclusively vegetarian.
mainly hunters.
opportunistic hunters and scavengers.
opportunistic hunters and scavengers.
Fossil and archaeological evidence at Olduvai suggests that by two million years ago at least one species of early hominin
used their large caninines as hunting weapons, the same way chimps do.
ate meat and marrow from animals much larger than the typical
ate meat and marrow from animals much larger than the typical prey hunted by chimps.
Examine the information about the attached archaeological site https://iu.instructure.com/courses/1471397/files/58511982/download?wrap=1
Based on the age of this site and assemblage of evidence at the site, which hominins were alive at the time and could
All of these
Examine the information about the attached archaeological site https://iu.instructure.com/courses/1471397/files/58511982/download?wrap=1
Based on the age of this site and assemblage of evidence at the site,
this site is the same age as the oldest archaeol
this site was preserved after stone tools had already been made and used for over a million years.
Examine the information about the attached archaeological site https://iu.instructure.com/courses/1471397/files/58511982/download?wrap=1
Looking at the regional map of the ancient geographical reconstruction, and the plot of excavated material found at th
the tool-makers left artifacts on the site made from materials they had transported from several different sources on the landscape.
Examine the information about the attached archaeological site
Looking at the plot of materials recovered at the site excavation, the different damage patterns on the bones are good evidence that
the tool-makers at this site were hunters.
some meat and ma
some meat and marrow were probably acquired by hominins at this site.
Evidence at the site of Dmanisi shows that the first hominins to colonize Eurasia were
a highly variable species of early Homo erectus.
already adept at using fire and hunting animals with spears.
robust Australopithecines.
Neanderthals.
a highly variable species of early Homo erectus.
Early Homo erectus (like the Turkana Boy skeleton) is commonly thought to have been the first hominin with a stature and physiology adapted to life in the tropical savannas. What adaptive advantages or disadvantages would populations of early Homo erectus
Their skin color would have made them more susceptible to Vit D deficiency in northern latitudes.
You have taken a time machine back to 400,000 years ago, and find yourself in the middle of a group of hominins in Europe. As you look around, which of the following best describes all the elements of the toolkit you'd be likely to see?
only handaxes
ston
a variety of stone flakes and cores, plus some hand-axes, wooden spears and fire
You have taken a time machine back to 400,000 years ago, and find yourself in the middle of a group of hominins in Europe. What do they look like?
robust bodies and skulls with brains about half of our modern size
robust bodies, and skulls with big brow-r
robust bodies, and skulls with big brow-ridges, but brain sizes as large as ours
As described in your Boyd and Silk text, Homo heidelbergensis lived
in every continent of the world except Antarctica.
only in Africa.
in Africa and Eurasia.
only in Europe.
in Africa and Eurasia.
Hominins that lived in Africa and Europe during the middle Pleistocene (between 900,000 and 200,000 years ago) are often classified as Homo heidelbergensis. These hominins retained many primitive anatomical traits but their _______ were gradually getting
brain sizes
Match the archaeological site with its significance for our understanding of the human past.
Olorgesailie
Wonderwerk Cave
Atapuerca
Shanidar
A site in western Asia where Neanderthals buried their dead
Acheulian site in Africa where an elephant carcass was
Olorgesailie - Acheulian site in Africa where an elephant carcass was butchered
Wonderwerk Cave - Cave site with evidence for burnt tools, burnt animals bones, and wood ash 1 million years ago
Atapuerca - A site in Europe with evidence of ritual behavior
Neanderthals
had the technical planning ability to reproduce stone spear points that could be easily mounted on a shaft.
probably had no sense of altruism or awareness of their own mortality.
had smaller brains than modern humans.
could not control fire.
had the technical planning ability to reproduce stone spear points that could be easily mounted on a shaft.
The first neanderthal finds were thought to be
evidence of Homo erectus in Africa.
an undiscovered living race of people.
an extinct pre-human animal.
diseased modern humans.
iseased modern humans.
Neanderthals lived
in southeast Asia.
in China.
in Europe and western Asia.
in Africa.
in Europe and western Asia.
Evidence suggests that Neanderthals
only ate meat.
sometimes deliberately buried their dead.
were strictly vegetarian.
built houses in permanent settlements.
lived short, brutal lives - they all died in their teens or early twenties.
sometimes deliberately buried their dead.
What do we know about cannibalism from the fossil and archaeological record of the human past?
Neanderthals commonly cut up and probably ate their dead, but there is no evidence that any other hominins did so.
Cannibalism is a modern myth. There is no evi
Defleshing cutmarks on hominin bones first appear with archaic Homo, and continue to be found in Neanderthals.
You have just discovered a site in the Near East that preserves evidence of hominins camping near a lake, collecting and processing plant foods around fires, and butchering animals. Based on currently known archaeological sites, your site is most likely t
a site less than 1 million years old, anything from the Acheulian to recent cultures.
This is a graph from Chapter 12 of the Boyd and Silk text. What does it tell us about Neanderthals?
They had really long legs.
They were the ancestors of modern Lapplanders.
They were shorter than modern humans.
They had body proportions adapted to cold c
They had body proportions adapted to cold climates.
The bones of hundreds of Neanderthals have been discovered, male and female, young and old. While those who lived to adulthood typically lived into their 40's, a number of Neanderthals survived into old age with healed injuries or degenerative health cond
survival was improved by altruistic behavior.
The fossil skeleton of an adolescent from East Africa ("Turkana boy") illustrates many of the different features of early Homo erectus in Africa. Which of the following was NOT evidenced in this skeleton?
a shoulder and torso that was robust, and heavily
a brain size about the size of ours
Rank the following from lowest brain and body weight to highest brain and body weight:
A very early Homo (eg Homo habilis)
A robust australopithecine (eg Paranthropus robustus)
early Homo erectus
early australopithecine (Australopithecus afarensis)
early australopithecine (Australopithecus afarensis)
A robust australopithecine (eg Paranthropus robustus)
A very early Homo (eg Homo habilis)
early Homo erectus
What anatomical traits distinguish the first species of Homo from australopithecines?
Early Homo had a smaller body, smaller brain and smaller teeth than the australopithecines.
Early Homo had smaller cheek teeth and relatively larger brains than the robu
Early Homo had smaller cheek teeth and relatively larger brains than the robust australopithecines.
Evidence that hominins ate meat includes
fossilized meat found inside the stomach cavity of an australopithecine skeleton from South Africa.
stone tool marks on the bones of animals.
tooth marks on carnivore bones.
the long canine teeth of Homo habilis.
stone tool marks on the bones of animals.
Consider the anatomical differences between the robust australopithecines and early Homo that shared the landscapes in Africa around 2 million years ago. Which of the following pairs of living primates would be the best analogy for the niche separation of
Capuchin and Howler Monkeys: Early Homo had a larger brain and smaller teeth than the robusts, suggesting that they may have collaborated or used tools to acquire high quality foods, like Capuchin monkeys do today. In contrast, Howler monkeys have larger
How did Homo erectus differ from earlier species of Homo?
Homo erectus WAS the first species of Homo, so there were no differences.
Homo erectus was the first hominin to have a larger-than-ape sized brain, but otherwise was the same as earlier Homo specie
Homo erectus had a larger brain, larger body, and more modern limb and torso proportions than earlier Homo.
As discussed at the end of Chapter 10 of your textbook, it is difficult to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the early hominins because it can be ambiguous whether a trait is shared because of recent common ancestry or because it developed
The robust australopithecines in South Africa and East Africa evolved their robust skulls and large molars independently in response to climate change causing deteriorating food availability in each region.
As discussed in Chapter 11 of your textbook, among contemporary human foragers, it is typical for
men to hunt game and women to gather plant foods to share.
men and women to take turns hunting and gathering different kinds of food.
both men and women to s
men to hunt game and women to gather plant foods to share.
As discussed in Chapter 11 of your textbook, in contemporary human foraging socieites
there is a great deal of sexual dimorphism.
men make substantial investments in their offspring by sharing food.
it is common for males to compete fiercely for females w
men make substantial investments in their offspring by sharing food.
As described in chapter 11 of your textbook, comparing living human hunter-gatherers and primates like chimpanzees that hunt, meat-eating favors food sharing because
meat eating increases aggression.
meat is bad for the colon, so sharing reduces meat cons
sharing reduces the risks associated with hunting by averaging returns over the group.
Most mammals use less than 5% of their resting energy to support their brain's metabolic costs. In comparison
Homo erectus brains would have used more energy, with costs intermediate between those of modern humans and those of apes.
hominin brains, includ
Homo erectus brains would have used more energy, with costs intermediate between those of modern humans and those of apes.
There are adaptive trade-offs to being a large-brained biped. The wider our hips, the less efficiently we can walk and run. But our bowl-shaped pelvis constrains the size of the birth canal. Comparing the brain size and pelvic size on a fossil skeleton fr
Homo erectus infants were born at a more immature, dependent stage than the offspring of apes.
Acheulian stone tools differed from earlier Oldowan technology because Acheulian tools were
the first tools used to cut meat.
only made in Europe.
all much smaller and more delicate than earlier tools.
commonly large, bifacial cutting tools that could be
commonly large, bifacial cutting tools that could be resharpened and reused.
Dmanisi is an important site because it
preserves evidence that australopithecines made handaxes.
documents that when Homo erectus first left Africa, it was a biologically variable species that used Oldowan tools.
provides evidence that early Homo evolved
documents that when Homo erectus first left Africa, it was a biologically variable species that used Oldowan tools.
Current archaeological evidence in East Africa suggests which of the following types of tools were first made around 1,700,000 years ago?
Acheulian handaxes
hammerstones
Oldowan flakes
wooden spears
Acheulian handaxes
Compare the skeletions of australopithecines (eg "Lucy") to early Homo erectus (eg "Turkana boy") How are they similar? How are they different? What do their differences indicate about their adaptations?
...
What do we know about "race" compared to biological human variation? How is this concept related to what you now know about the evolution of modern humans and our colonization of the
globe?
...
How old are the earliest stone tools?
...
What tools were characteristic of the Acheulian?
...
When and where do we find evidence of early mortuary practices?
...
Which technological stage was characterized by the Levallois method
or preparing cores and making tools for hafting?
...
What distinctive tool types were characteristic of Paleoindian sites in
North America?
...
Where have fossils of the earliest primates been found and when did
they live?
...
Which fossil hominin species had relatively ape-sized brains?
...
What are the earliest dates for fossils of Homo erectus?
...
Two fossil genera have long names that begin in "A": Ardipithecus and
Australopithecus: When and where did they live? How are they
similar? How are they different?
...
What was the relationship in time and space (chronology and
geography) between fossil apes and fossil hominins?
...
Which species probably made the Laetoli footprints?
...
When were the different continents first colonized, and by whom?
...
Evidence of meat eating appears long before we have evidence of
weapons to kill animals. What alternative hypotheses could you
propose to explain how early hominin meat eaters got their meat?
...
When did hominins first migrate out of the African continent?
...
What types of technology were being made when the cave of Lascaux
was being painted?
...
How would you diagnose whether or not a fossil was a biped based on
its knee bones? Its hip bones?
...
If a fossil skull has a sagittal crest, what does that tell you about the
animal?
...
If an archaeological site contains stone tools and animal bones, what
other information would you need to be convinced that finding the
stones and bones together was not just a coincidence, that it was a
behaviorally meaningful association?
...
Think about how the mechanisms of evolutionary change have impacted
hominin populations through time, compared to other animals. Can you find
examples of processes such as natural selection or adaptive radiation in the
evidence we have discussed for the h
...
Which evolved first: bipedalism or infant dependence?
...
During which time period did hominids first become bipeds? What do
we know about their technology, or other anatomical traits at that
same time?
...
Compare the biological diversity (number of species) of hominins at
different stages in the human past. Which time periods had the
greatest diversity of species? Which time periods had the least
diversity of species?
...
Which hominin species have been found only in Africa?
...
If you found a hominin skull in Australia, what species could it be?
...
Which parts of the skeleton
attained their modern form most
recently?
...
Which skeletal features would be
considered the most primitive traits?
...
Which anatomical features do we
also share with apes?
...
Which parts of the skeleton can
provide clues to a bipedal adaptation?
...