A kindergarten teacher hangs labels on key objects in the classroom, puts up posters that include words and captions, and always has a big book on display for the children's use. This kind of classroom environment is most likely to help promote children's
Development of an awareness of print.
A preschool teacher is reading a story to his class. As he reads, he holds the book so the children can see the words and pictures while his finger follows the line of print. This activity would contribute to the children's reading development primarily b
Developing their awareness of left- to-right directionality.
Which of the following strategieswould be most effective in promoting kindergarten children's ability to recognize and name letters of the alphabet?
The teacher says the name of a letter while the children each trace its shape on a cutout letter.
Pointing out the title, beginning, middle, and end of a book to a group of preschool children before reading the book aloudto them contributes to their reading development primarily by promoting their:
Development of book-handling skills
Having kindergarten children practice tracing the letters of the alphabet in sand is most appropriate for children who are having difficulty:
Developing letter formation skills.
A preschool teacher shows a group of children pictures of everyday objects. Below each picture is printed the letterof the alphabet that corresponds to the word's initial sound. As the teacher points to each picture, she names the object, then she points
Demonstrating that phonemes are represented by letters
A kindergarten teacher wants to promote students' understanding of the alphabetic principle. Which of the following would be the most effective first step in a sequence of instruction designed to achieve this goal?
Talk with students about selected consonants using a series of posters that each feature one consonant and contain pictures of items whose initial phoneme demonstrates that consonant's sound.
A second-grade teacher regularly reviews spelling patterns previously taught. The teacher also provides students with multiple opportunities to read and write connected text that features words containing the target spelling patterns and to engage in word
Reading fluency with respect to accuracy.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between word decoding and reading comprehension in a beginning reader's development?
Rapid automatic decoding skills help facilitate development of reading fluency and comprehension.
Which of the following strategies would be most effective in promoting second graders' decoding of multisyllable words?
Encouraging students to compare the parts of new multisyllable words with known single-syllable words
According to basic principles of research- based, systematic phonics instruction, which of the following common English letter combinations would be most appropriate for a first-grade teacher to introduce first?
th
Which of the following provides the best rationale for incorporating spelling instruction into a first-grade reading program?
Spelling supports word recognition by helping students learn and retain common phonics patterns.
Which of the following statements best describes how oral vocabulary knowledge is related to the process of decoding written words?
A reader's oral vocabulary knowledge allows the reader to derive meaning as he or she decodes written words.
Read the sentence below; then answer the question that follows.
My family went to the circus last weekend. I liked the clowns the best. They were very funny.
A student makes several miscues when reading these sentences aloud. Which of the following miscue
Saying bet for best
Which of the following sentences contains a pair of italicized words that differ from one another by one phoneme?
He took off his cap so that he could take a nap.
Which of the following students demon- strates variation in reading development that would require intervention focused on explicit phonics instruction?
A second-grade student who is adept at using context clues to identify words but has difficulty sounding out the letters in unfamiliar words
A student who has mastered which of the following skills along the phonological awareness continuum is best prepared to begin explicit phonics instruction?
Being able to segment and blend a word's phonemes
Which of the following sets of words would be most effective to use when introducing students to the concept of structural analysis?
Pretest, retest, tested, testing
An English Language Learner pronouncestigers as tiger when reading the following sentence aloud.
"They saw tigers at the zoo"
Which of the following actions is most appropriate for the teacher to take first in response to the student's miscue?
Verify that the student understands that tigers means more than one tiger
The following sentence is missing several words.
(1) unusual (2) of spices (3) the soup an (4) flavor.
A word with the suffix -tion would fit best in which of the blanks in the sentence?
(2)
Which of the following principles is best illustrated by the words watched, wanted, and warned?
The spelling of a suffix is often more reliable than its pronunciation
The words enjoyable, maneuverable,corruptible, and convertible best illustrate which of the following principles?
The spelling of a suffix can vary depending on its root word.
A second-grade teacher has students pull two single-syllable nouns from a hat (e.g., bulb, light) and asks them to form words by putting the words together (e.g., lightbulb). Students then draw pictures to illustrate their new words and write short storie
Understand the concept of compound words.
Instruction in structural analysis is likely to promote upper elementary students' reading comprehension primarily by:
Equipping them with strategies for understanding the meanings of unfamiliar multisyllable words.
A third-grade teacher administers the following informal reading assessment to individual students.
Part I: Read aloud the following words:
laugh neighbor beginning friend together young
Part II: Read aloud the following passage:
Nick and Ben are best fri
The student is proficient at using context clues to help identify words but has weak word decoding skills.
A second-grade teacher uses the following handout to guide the class through an activity.
Look at the word fair in these two sentences:
It isn't fair that Juan got an extra scoop of ice cream.
Simon and Ling went to the fairand rode on the merry-go-round.
Identify and decode common homographs.
A sixth-grade student encounters the following sentence in a short story.
She experienced a sense of d�j� vu as she walked down the street of the strange new city.
The student asks the teacher about the meaning of d�j� vu in the sentence. The teacher coul
Look up the word in the dictionary, and then paraphrase the sentence using the dictionary definition.
Before beginning a new content-area reading passage, a fourth-grade teacher asks students to think of words related to the topic of the text. The teacher writes the words on the board and then asks the students to suggest ways to group the words based on
Extend and reinforce their expressive and receptive vocabularies related to the text's topic
A first-grade teacher designs the following activity.
1. Divide students into pairs.
2. Have students sit back-to-back.
3. Give one student in each pair a picture of a familiar object to describe to his or her partner.
4. The partner tries to name the obj
Promoting their oral language development and listening comprehension.
A fifth-grade student reads the sentence, "After playing with her friends all day, Kaylee did her science homework, her geography project, and her composition in one fell swoop." The student asks the teacher for help understanding what is meant by the phr
discussing with the student more examples of the phrase used in context.
A second-grade student demonstrates automaticity decoding grade-level regular and irregular words. However, the student frequently experiences poor text comprehension. Which of the following is the first step the teacher should take in order to promote th
Determining the extent of the student's vocabulary knowledge
A text includes the word indefensible, which is unfamiliar to some students in a fourth-grade class. Which of the following strategies for teaching the word would be most effective in both clarifying the meaning of the word and extending the students' voc
Help the students apply structural and contextual analyses to construct and confirm the word's meaning.
A fifth-grade teacher is about to begin a new unit on weather and climate. Which of the following types of vocabulary words from the unit would be most appropriate for the teacher to preteach?
Words that are conceptually challenging
In which of the following sentences is context most helpful in understanding the italicized word?
Peter's mother was adamant that he should attend college, but his father did not seem to care.
Students in a third-grade class are studying different forms of transportation that are used around the world. As part of this unit of study, they work together to create a semantic map of words associated with transportation, including words that they ha
Helping them to categorize, visualize, and remember new vocabulary
A third-grade class that includes several English Language Learners is about to read a text about water sports. Which of the following teaching strategies would be most effective in promoting the English Language Learners' comprehension of
the text?
Activate students' prior knowledge about the topic and provide visual aids such as illustrations to clarify new vocabulary.
A sixth-grade teacher is planning explicit instruction to help students read and understand sentences that have a complex sentence structure. Which of the following skills would be most effective for the teacher to focus on first?
Identifying the independent clause at the heart of a sentence
Over the course of the school year, a sixth-grade student who had been a fluent, proficient reader in previous years is having increasing difficulty comprehending grade-level literary and informational texts assigned in class. The results of informal, cur
Knowledge and skills related to understanding complex academic language.
Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate to use to promote second-grade students' ability to analyze key ideas and details in a literary text?
Helping students create a story map of the main characters in a story and the events with which they are involved
After students in a sixth-grade class finish reading a historical novel about the U.S. Civil War, the teacher asks each student to bring in an object, or a picture or illustration of an object, that, to them, represents the book. The students must also id
Basing interpretations about a literary work on textual evidence.
A fifth-grade teacher guides students in reading a complex literary text. First, the teacher reads aloud the beginning of the text as the students follow along silently in their copies. Next, the teacher rereads key phrases and sentences, asking students
Modeling for students how to engage in close reading of academic texts.
Sixth-grade students have just finished reading a chapter in a novel and are getting ready to write an entry in their response journals. The teacher could most effectively develop students' literary response skills by assigning which of the following jour
What do you think is the main idea or theme of the novel? Relate specific events in this chapter to the theme you suggest.
A second-grade teacher reads a trade book aloud to the class. Which of the following postreading activities would be most likely to promote the students' comprehension of the story by enhancing their literary analysis skills?
Discussing with the students how the characters in the story respond to major events and challenges
A fifth-grade class is about to read a play about the life of Harriet Tubman called "Travels on the Railroad." Which of the following prereading activities would best promote students' comprehension of the text?
Asking students to share what they already know about the time period during which the play takes place
A second-grade teacher notices that one of her students lacks fluency when reading aloud. The first thing the teacher should do in order to help this student is assess whether the student also has difficulties with:
Decoding.
Students in a third-grade class are working on an interdisciplinary unit on Native Americans of the Northeast. The teacher has selected a historical novel for students to read during the unit to help them gain insight into people's daily lives in a partic
Engaging the students in guided reading and rereading of key passages in the novel
A teacher can best help sixth graders draw inferences from informational text by asking them to complete which of the following statements?
The passage suggests . . .
A sixth-grade teacher gives students several persuasive essays that present contrasting opinions on a current social issue. The teacher then asks students to consider the following questions as they read the texts.
What is the author's opinion on the issu
Analyze point of view in expository texts.
A third-grade teacher periodically reads aloud from a chapter in content-area textbooks and describes his thought processes as he reads. Following is an example:
"'The moon does not shine on its own. The sun's light reflects off the moon.' Hmm. I'm imagin
Modeling for them metacognitive comprehension strategies.
Skimming is likely to be the most effective strategy for accomplishing which of the following reading tasks?
Previewing a chapter in a content- area textbook
A sixth-grade class is working on an Internet research project about various natural resources and their uses. The teacher could best support students' effective use of the Internet for their research by:
Providing students with a checklist of questions that prompt critical evaluation of information on Web sites.
Which of the following text features are students likely to find most useful when previewing informational texts such as library books for a research project?
Table of contents
A third-grade teacher observes that students who read aloud fluently also demonstrate greater comprehension of expository texts. The best explanation for this is that fluent readers:
Are able to focus their full attention and cognitive resources on the meaning of a text.
A fifth-grade teacher gives students a reading guide for an informational text that they will be reading independently. The reading guide contains various activities, including prompting students to summarize certain passages, to explain relationships bet
Encouraging students to read and interact closely with the text
Two proficient readers are answering postreading comprehension questions about a chapter in a content-area textbook.
The first student demonstrates exceptional recall of details from the chapter but has difficulty answering questions about the gist of the
Each student brought a unique set of prior experiences to the reading of the text.
An English Language Learner reads academic texts fluently in her primary language but is struggling to understand her content-area textbooks in English. This student would likely benefit most from engaging in which of the following activities?
Learning to use metacognitive reading strategies with English text
A third-grade teacher has been conducting a series of ongoing assessments of a student's oral reading. Shown below isa sentence from a text, followed by a transcription of a typical example of the student's oral reading performance.
Text: Her boots crunch
Improve the student's decoding skills.
Which of the following types of assessments would best provide information about the comparative reading proficiency of students in an elementary school?
A norm-referenced survey test
Considerations of validity in test construction relate most closely to:
Whether the test questions effectively measure their specified content.
If a standardized test is said to lack reliability, the test:
Gives fluctuating scores in different administrations
Which of the following informal assessment results provides the clearest indication that a kindergarten child has attained a beginning level of phonemic awareness?
The student can identify the beginning sound of single-syllable words.
One of the most important purposes of a standardized Informal Reading Inventory (IRI) is:
To establish a student's independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels.
An advantage of using assessment tools such as portfolios and scoring rubrics is that they:
Promote student participation in self-assessment activities.
Which of the following best describes the primary advantage of having a student read a passage silently and then providea "retelling" as a means of assessing the student's comprehension, rather than having the student answer questions?
A retelling is open-ended and requires the student to construct a description of the passage more independently of the examiner.
Which of the following criteria would be most important to consider when selecting "leveled texts" for use in assessments and guided reading with beginning-level readers?
The texts should use repeated words and natural oral language structures.
A fourth-grade English Language Learner is new to a school. Assessments suggest that the student can read orally with accuracy on grade level; however, the student's comprehension of grade-level textbooks fluctuates widely. Which of the following steps wo
Determine whether the student has adequate vocabulary and background knowledge to support comprehension of the textbooks.
A first-grade teacher encourages beginning readers to "write" their own captions beneath their drawings. This practice is most likely to lead to which of the following?
The students' development of phonics knowledge will be reinforced as they experiment with their own phonetic spellings.
Which of the following types of activities would be most important to include ona daily basis when planning reading instruction for first graders who are developing as beginning readers?
Activities that promote students' development of decoding and other word analysis skills
A fifth-grade class silently reads an informational text. In subsequent informal assessments, several students are able to read the text orally with fluency but they demonstrate poor overall comprehension of the text. The teacher could most appropriately
Introducing a text's key vocabulary and guiding the students in close reading of key passages
As a first-grade teacher reads a big book to a group of students, the teacher points to the beginning consonants of selected words and accentuates the sound the initial letter makes. This activity is most likely to promote the students':
Ability to isolate individual sounds in words.
Which of the following children is most in need of immediate intervention?
A second-grade student who still decodes words letter by letter
Which of the following is the most important reason for a fourth-grade teacher to assign a variety of high-quality trade books as a component of reading instruction?
Reading across genres helps students develop an understanding of the structures and features of different texts.
Frequent oral reading to kindergarten children using appropriate and expressive intonation and voices is likely to promote the students' reading development primarily by:
Fostering their engagement in and love of reading.
Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in promoting reluctant readers' interest in independent reading outside of school?
Encourage students and parents to read books together on a regular basis, either silently or aloud, and discuss their personal responses to each chapter or key event.
Electronic reading books are advantageous for beginning or struggling readers primarily because this type of computer software:
Scaffolds learning by providing a high level of interactivity.