Coding
is the process of translating a computer solution into a language a computer can understand
machine language or machine code
Instructions written in 0s and 1s
The sequence structure
directs the computer to process the program instructions, one after another, in the order listed in the program
An algorithm
is a set of step-by-step instructions that accomplish a task
Selection structure
makes a decision and then takes an appropriate action based on that decision Also called the decision structure
Repetition structure
directs computer to repeat one or more instructions until some condition is met - Also called a loop or iteration
Output
(cout)
Determine the goal of solving it
Input
Determine the items needed to achieve that goal
Pseudo-code
tool programmers use to help plan an algorithm Not understandable by a compute
Processing item
an intermediate value (neither input nor output) the algorithm uses to transform input into output
Desk checking
verifies that that the algorithm is correct
Valid data
data that the algorithm is expecting the user to enter
Invalid data
data that the algorithm is not expecting the user to enter
camel case
If variables contain more than one word, capitalize the first letter of each word after the first
Syntax
for declaring a named constant in C++ -const dataType constantName = value;
const keyword indicates that the memory location is a named constant (value cannot be changed during runtime)
A stream
A stream
is a sequence of characters
The extraction operator (>>)
takes information out of cin object and stores it in internal memory (variable) - Syntax: cin >> variableName;
Syntax errors
result from breaking programming language's rules; cause compiler errors
Logic errors
don't cause compiler errors; can be hard to identify
A #include directive
allows you to merge the source code in one file with that in another file
Most common operators
are += , -= , *= , /= , and %=
Using directive tells the compiler
where in internal memory it can find definitions of C++ keywords and classes like double or string
if (condition)
one or more statements (true path)
else one or more statements
false path
statement block
if path contains more than one statement, must be entered as a (enclosed in {})
Comparison operators
are used to compare two
values that have the same data type
- less than (<)
- less than or equal to (<=)
- greater than (>)
- greater than or equal to (>=)
- equal to (==)
- not equal to (!=)
� No spaces between dual-character symbols
Logical operators
allow you to combine two or more conditions (sub-conditions) into one compound condition
toupper function
temporarily converts a character to uppercase;
tolower function
temporarily converts a character to lowercase
setprecision stream manipulator
controls number of decimal places
- If setprecision is used after fixed then setprecision specifies the number of digits after the decimal place.
- If setprecision is used by itself then setprecision specifies the total number of digits in the number.
Program must contain
#include <iomanip> directive to use setprecision manipulato
nested selection structures
Inner selection structures ; contained (nested) within an outer selection structure
Three common logic errors made when writing selection structures
- Using a compound condition rather than a nested selection structure
- Reversing the outer and nested decisions
- Using an unnecessary nested selection structure
statement to code
Can sometimes use the switch statement to code a multiple-alternative selection structure
Must result in a data type that is bool, char, short, int, or long
� Between opening and closing braces (after selector expression), there are one or more case claus
break statement
tells computer to break out of switch at that point; must be the last statement of
a case clause
Coding
is the process of translating a computer solution into a language a computer can understand
machine language or machine code
Instructions written in 0s and 1s
The sequence structure
directs the computer to process the program instructions, one after another, in the order listed in the program
An algorithm
is a set of step-by-step instructions that accomplish a task
Selection structure
makes a decision and then takes an appropriate action based on that decision Also called the decision structure
Repetition structure
directs computer to repeat one or more instructions until some condition is met - Also called a loop or iteration
Output
(cout)
Determine the goal of solving it
Input
Determine the items needed to achieve that goal
Pseudo-code
tool programmers use to help plan an algorithm Not understandable by a compute
Processing item
an intermediate value (neither input nor output) the algorithm uses to transform input into output
Desk checking
verifies that that the algorithm is correct
Valid data
data that the algorithm is expecting the user to enter
Invalid data
data that the algorithm is not expecting the user to enter
camel case
If variables contain more than one word, capitalize the first letter of each word after the first
Syntax
for declaring a named constant in C++ -const dataType constantName = value;
const keyword indicates that the memory location is a named constant (value cannot be changed during runtime)
A stream
A stream
is a sequence of characters
The extraction operator (>>)
takes information out of cin object and stores it in internal memory (variable) - Syntax: cin >> variableName;
Syntax errors
result from breaking programming language's rules; cause compiler errors
Logic errors
don't cause compiler errors; can be hard to identify
A #include directive
allows you to merge the source code in one file with that in another file
Most common operators
are += , -= , *= , /= , and %=
Using directive tells the compiler
where in internal memory it can find definitions of C++ keywords and classes like double or string
if (condition)
one or more statements (true path)
else one or more statements
false path
statement block
if path contains more than one statement, must be entered as a (enclosed in {})
Comparison operators
are used to compare two
values that have the same data type
- less than (<)
- less than or equal to (<=)
- greater than (>)
- greater than or equal to (>=)
- equal to (==)
- not equal to (!=)
� No spaces between dual-character symbols
Logical operators
allow you to combine two or more conditions (sub-conditions) into one compound condition
toupper function
temporarily converts a character to uppercase;
tolower function
temporarily converts a character to lowercase
setprecision stream manipulator
controls number of decimal places
- If setprecision is used after fixed then setprecision specifies the number of digits after the decimal place.
- If setprecision is used by itself then setprecision specifies the total number of digits in the number.
Program must contain
#include <iomanip> directive to use setprecision manipulato
nested selection structures
Inner selection structures ; contained (nested) within an outer selection structure
Three common logic errors made when writing selection structures
#NAME?
statement to code
Can sometimes use the switch statement to code a multiple-alternative selection structure
Must result in a data type that is bool, char, short, int, or long
� Between opening and closing braces (after selector expression), there are one or more case claus
break statement
tells computer to break out of switch at that point; must be the last statement of
a case clause