Grapheme
- an english letter
- not to be confused on phonemes (speech sound)
Allograph
- different ways of writing the same sound
- ex. "k" "ck" "c" all can make the same sound, and are all transcribed as /k/
Diagraph
Two letters that combine to make one sound
ex. "sh
Allophones
Slightly changing the pronunciation of a phoneme slightly without creating a new morpheme of new word
Examples: aspirated vs. unaspirated /p/
aspirated: hop
unaspirated: plate
Broad transcription
(aka phonetic transcription)
- no attempt to capture allophonic transcriptions
-uses slashes (virgules) to indicate utterances
Narrow transcriptions
(aka allophonic transcription)
-shows allophonic variation with diacritics
-brackets indicate this transcription
Phoneme
Smallest unit of speech sound
Morpheme
Smallest unit of speech that has meaning
-an individual phoneme change creates a new morpheme
Minimal pair
Words that vary by only one phoneme in the same position
- word positions: initial, medial final
examples:
hook -- book
book -- back
back -- bash
Onset
All consonants that precede a vowel
- not all syllables have an onset
Rhyme
Contains nucleus and coda
nucleus = (usually) vowel that follows the onset
coda = consonant(s) following the nucleus
Open syllable
does NOT have a coda
-words that end in vowel sound
Closed syllable
DOES have a coda
-words that end in a consonant sound
Stressed syllable
Stressed syllable is
-longer in duration
-higher in pitch
-louder (greater intensity)
Parts of the respiratory system
-Trachea
-Lungs
-Rib cage
-Thorax
-Diaphragm
-External and internal intercostal mucles
Parts of the laryngeal system
-Hyoid
-Cricoid
-Thyroid
-Arytenoids
-Tracheal rings
-Epiglottis
-Vocal folds
-Glottis
Articulation
the joining together of the speech organs for the production of phonemes
Articulators
Lips
Tongue
Teeth
Alveolar ridge
Hard palate
Velum
Glottis
Tongue
Bilabial (both lips)
/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/
Labiodental (bottom lip and teeth)
/f/ /v/
Interdental (teeth and tongue)
th sound in "this" and "that
Alveolar
/t, l, n, d, r, s, z/
Palatal (hard palate)
(sh)ip, (ch)urch, (j)uice, (y)ellow
Velar (velum aka soft palate)
/k/ /g/
Glottals
/h/
Cognates
2 phonemes that are the same in every way except if it is voiced or voiceless
During exhalation, when the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the chest cavity decreases, air pressure ________ inside the lungs.
A. Decreases, then increases
B. Increases
C. Is unchanged
D. Decreases
d. decreases