Agricultural Revolution
a time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster
*The production of food rose dramatically, and farmers were able to feed the growing urban population.
agrarian protest
demands by farmers for improvements in areas affecting agriculture (i.e. federal regulation of railroad rates)
*The Grange movement began in 1867 as a result of agrarian protests.
Grange Movement
social organization of farmers founded in 1867, which later called for federal regulation of railroads and other reforms
free silver
the unlimited coinage of silver to put more money into circulation (along with gold-backed paper money) - supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan.in the 1896 election
Populist Party
political party mainly representing Western farmers formed in 1891 - called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers
William McKinley
25th U.S. president (1896-1901) and a nationally-known Republican leader - upheld the gold standard in the 1896 election and defeated William Jennings Bryan (Democratic/Populist candidate campaigning for "free silver")
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
a federal act passed in 1887: prohibited rebates and pools, required railroads to publish rates, forbade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more money for short hauls than for long hauls over the same railroad line
*The act created the
Progressives
1890s-1920 - reformers who worked to stop unfair practices by businesses and end corruption in government resulting from industrialization
*The Progressives wanted to improve the quality of life and return government to the people (democratization).
muckrakers
writers and journalists who exposed to the public shameful conditions in businesses and other areas of American life that resulted from industrialization
Upton Sinclair
a muckraker who shocked the nation when he published the novel, The Jungle (1906): revealed gruesome details about the meat-packing industry in Chicago
*Sinclair's work ultimately influenced Progressive president Theodore Roosevelt to pass the Meat Inspec
Jane Addams
a social reformers and the founder of Hull House (the first settlement house), which provided English lessons for immigrants and relief for the poor
*Jane Addams was also a prominent figure in both the suffrage movement and the peace movement.
Jacob Riis
a muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel, How The Other Half Lives: exposed the poor conditions of New York city tenements
temperance movement
an organized social movement of the late 1800s to ban the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol in the U.S.
*The temperance movement resulted in the 18th Amendment, signed by Progressive president Woodrow Wilson in 1919.
suffrage movement
the movement dedicated to achieving women's right to vote
*The suffrage movement resulted in the 19th Amendment, signed by Progressive president Woodrow Wilson in 1920.
W.E.B. Du Bois
African American Progressive and advocate for African American equality - believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately through education; founded the NAACP
Booker T. Washington
African American Progressive and former slave - supported segregation and called for African Americans to prove themselves to the white society and ultimately achieve social equality through hard work; founded the Tuskegee Institute
Theodore Roosevelt
became the 26th U.S. president after William McKinley's assassination (1901-1908) - known for conservationism and reformed the government through strict regulation of business
Square Deal
Progressive concept by president Teddy Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public - called for government control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources
*The Square Deal embodied the belief that all corpo
trust-buster
nickname for Teddy Roosevelt because of his actions against monopolies using the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
federal law passed in 1906 as a result of Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle - specified that certain drugs are to be sold by prescription only and that the federal government is to ensure that drug packages accurately state the name and quantities of the
conservation
the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources - first supported by Progressive president Teddy Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
hand-selected by T.R. as the 27th president of the U.S. (1908-1912) - conservative Progressive who angered Progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
*Taft lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a se
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
signed by president Taft in1909 in contrast to campaign promises - raised tariffs, which was against Progressive ideals
*This split the Republican party into the Progressives (T.R., "Bull Moose" Party) and the conservatives (Taft, Republican) in the 1912
Woodrow Wilson
28th U.S. president who benefited from the split within the Republican Party (T.R. v. Taft) in the 1912 election - "New Freedom" platform loosened government regulation of business; president during WWI
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
federal act signed by Progressive president Woodrow Wilson - created a central banking system consisting of 12 regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board (Federal Reserve System)
*The act was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound,
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
federal act signed by Progressive president Woodrow Wilson - constructed to remedy the deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890); also exempted labor unions from being called trusts and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor unions
16th Amendment (1913)
Constitutional amendment supported by Progressive president William Taft - gave the federal government the power to tax income (graduated: based on wealth)
*The idea of an income tax was originally part of the Populist platform.
17th Amendment (1913)
Constitutional amendment supported by Progressive president Woodrow Wilson - amended Article 1 Section 3 of the Constitution to provide for the direct election of Senators by the people of a state rather than their election or appointment by a state legis
18th Amendment (1919)
Constitutional amendment influenced by the temperance movement and supported by Progressive president Woodrow Wilson - instituted prohibition: ban of sale, manufacture, and consumption of alcohol
*The 18th Amendment was the first Constitutional amendment
19th Amendment (1920)
Constitutional amendment influenced by the suffrage movement and supported by Progressive president Woodrow Wilson - granted women the right to vote under the provisions of the 15th Amendment
initiative, referendum, recall, direct primary, secret ballot, direct election of U.S. senators
Progressive political reforms at the local and state levels to increase citizen participation in government (and thus decrease corruption)