on margin
paying some now, the rest later; usually on stocks
What is the date of Black Tuesday?
October 29, 1929
What is Black Tuesday?
the day the stock market crashed, beginning of the Great Depression
consumer
person who spends money on goods or services
Great Depression
the period of economic hard time that followed the stock market crash
Causes of the Great Depression
overproduction, weakness in the banking system, declining prices
bankrupt
being unable to pay your debts
relief program
program to help the needy
what were and who ran soup kitchens?
place where the hungry could get a meal; run by prvate charities
public works
projects built by the government for public use
Hooverville
group of shacks where the homeless lived, named after President Herbert Hoover, whom many felt was doing too little
bonus
additional sum of money
Bonus Army
veterans who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand immediate payment of a WW1 bonus
When did the events of the Bonus Army take place?
1932
What were the signs of economic trouble that led to the crash of 1929 and the Great Depression?
Not all Americans shared in the prosperity of the 20's, industries were depressed, farmers were poor, people couldn't pay debts, and the economy began to slow down (no one noticed because the government didn't yet keep records of this)
How did the hard times affect American families?
marriage rates fell, birth rates fell, people searched through dumps for food, fathers and sometimes children left home to search for work and became drifters
drifter
person who drifts from town to town, searching for work
How did President Hoover's response to the depression lead to the actions of the Bonus Army?
he opposed relief programs at first, and called on private charities to start soup kitchens, but wanted the businesses to sort out the problem. The Bonus Army was tired of waiting for the government to help and camped along the Potomac River to demand the
capital
money from investors
polio
highly infectious disease that causes inflammation of the nerve cells and spinal cord, causing paralysis
bank holiday
FDR's closing of the banks for four days during the Hundred Days
Fireside Chat
FDR's radio talks to American people
How many fireside chats did FDR give?
about 30
Hundred Days
the first hundred days (or three months) of FDR's presidency, marked by a record 15 major new laws
New Deal
FDR's plan for ending the Depression
What were the 3 parts of the New Deal?
1. relief for the jobless
2. plans for economic recovery
3. reforms to prevent another depression
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
hired unemployed single men between 18 and 25 and paid them around $1 a day to build bridges, parks, flood prevention, and plant trees
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
put the jobless to work making clothes, hospitals, schools, parks, playgrounds, and airports
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
government agency set up to enforce new codes designed to stabilize industry
Tennessee Valley Association (TVA)
New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power
how many TVA dams are there? In how many states?
49 dams in 7 states
Why did voters elect FDR in 1932?
he had a confident manner and personal charm, promised a New Deal, and wanted to improve the economy
What was the Hundred Days, and what were its accomplishments?
first 3 months (or hundred days) of FDR's presidency. 15 major new laws and new programs to end the Depression
How did the New Deal provide relief?
set up organizations to help the jobless
How did the New Deal promote recovery?
limited production, NRA, farmers paid not to grow certain crops to prevent surpluses, TVA
What economic reforms were aimed at preventing another depression?
regulated stock buying (stop risky buying of stock), and banking system (government insured banks so people wouldn't lose their savings if the banks closed)
Brain Trust
FDR's group of college professor and other experts on economic interests that he consulted
What years did the Great Depression last from?
1929-1941
pension
sum of money to be paid to people on a regular basis after they retire
National Labor Relations Act
law passed in 1935 that protects Americna workers from unfair management practices (Wagner Act)
collective bargaining
process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract
Congress of Industrial Organizations
labor organization founded in the 1930's to represent workers in basic mass-production industries
Who founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations
John L. Lewis
Who was one of the main opposers to FDR's New Deal?
Huey Long
sit-down strike
strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached
Social Security Act
a 1935 law that set up a system of pensions for older people and set up the nation's first unemployment insurance
deficit spending
government practice of spending more than is taken in by taxes
national debt
total sum of money that a government owes to others
How did critics of the New Deal propose to end the Depression?
high taxes on the rich, state should rent or purchase unused factories and give them to workers (who could then keep what they make), pensions
Why did FDR attempt to expand the Supreme Court?
he wanted to appoint more justices who supported his programs
How many justices did FDR want to add to the Supreme Court?
six
What does FDR stand for?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
On balance, did the New Deal help or hurt the country?
help, very much so
What was the Dust Bowl?
region in the Great Plains that was hit by severe drought in the 1930's
migrant workers
person who moves from one region to another in search of work
hobo
person who rode train cars in search of work
Black Cabinet
group of black officials who unofficially advised FDR concerning the situation of African Americans
civil rights
the rights due to all citizens
Indian New Deal
series of laws passed in the 1930's that gave Native Americans greater control over their own affairs
What caused the Dust Bowl?
overgrazing, overfarming, drought, high winds, plowing
How did the depression affect women?
men were hired before women, unemployed husbands neeed nurturing,more married women in the workplace, some women recieved better pay
How did the New Deal reach out to help African Ameicans?
helped young men and they all got civil rights
How did the New Deal reach out to help Asians?
law passed granting Filipinos free transport back to the Philippines if they chose to return
How did the New Deal reach out to help Native Americans?
Indian New Deal, Buerau of Indian Affairs, Indian Reorganization Act, Indian Emergency Conservation Work Group
What was the only minority group whose situation significantly improved during the Great Depression?
Native Americans
What groups suffered during the 1920's?
Coal miners, farmers, factory workers, Mexicans, blacks, women
What was "The Panic"?
period of the greatest selling, people panicked and tried to sell their stocks
When days did The Panic last through?
October 24-29, 1929
When was Black Tuesday?
October 29, 1929
What was the duration of the Great Depression?
October 29, 1929-1941
How many banks failed between 1929 and 1933?
5,000
Between what years did 5,000 banks fail?
1929-1933 (4 years)
Where did the depression spread?
worldwide
What did families do during the Great Depression to avoid losing their homes?
doubled up (aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc. lived under the same roof)
What were the most popular forms of entertainment during the depression?
radio and movies
Which was worse off, people in the country or peope in the city?
people in the city were worse off
What fraction of people were unemployed?
1/4
What percentage of people were unemployed?
25%
What happened to marriage and birth rates during the depression?
they went down
What did Herbert Hoover originally oppose?
relief programs
Who was called on to start soup kitchens?
private charities
examples of public works
schools, dams, highways
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
government organization to LEND MONEY TO BANKS, RAILROAD COMPANIES, AND INSURANCE COMPANIES
Hoover blanket
newspaper used to keep warm
Hoover Leather
cardboard used to fix holes in shoes
Hoover stew:
soup broth
Who was the Republican candidate in the election of 1932?
Herbert Hoover
Who was the Democratic candidate in the election of 1932?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
What disease did FDR have?
polio
What was Roosevelt's plan for economic recovery
New Deal
What war were the Bonus Army veterans of?
World War I
When was the bonus for WW1 veterans supposed to be paid?
1945
What general drove away the Bonus Army?
Douglas MacArthur
around how many veterans camped in a tent city along the Potomac River, protesting for the early payment of a WW1 bonus?
around 20,000
How many Bonus Army marchers are killed in a fight with police?
4, four
Who wins the election of 1932?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
What was the only thing FDR said Americans had to fear?
Fear itself.
How many major new laws were passed during the Hundred Days?
15
how many states had no banks at all when FDR became president?
28
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
attempted to make standard wages and prices, how much should be produced, and conditions in a factory
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
tied to the NIRA, if a company meets conditions specified by NIRA they get to display a blue eagle ion their product
Public Works Administration (PWA)
built GRAND COULEE DAM, schools, water port, AIRCRAFT CARRIERS...
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
boosted the percentage of farms with electricity from 11% to 25%
What did the dams built by the TVA provide?
flood prevention, electricity
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
paid farmers not to grow certain crops to avoid surpluses, destroyed surplus crops and livestock (causing anger because food was being destroyed while people were hungry)
Truth-in-Securities Act
any company that sells stock must register with the government and publish a financial statement every business quarter
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
if a bank fails, the U.S. government will insure you up to (usually) $100,000
Why did some people oppose the New Deal?
some felt the government wasn't doing enough, others felt it was too involved in people's lives, deficit spending, wealthy were angry because they had had to work for their money while others were being given jobs, etc.
What fraction of people are unemployed when FDR takes office?
1/4
What fraction of people are unemployed after FDR takes office?
1/6
What was Roosevelt's plan to add justices to the Supreme Court called?
Court Packing Plan
Why was FDR angry at the Supreme Court?
they ruled that 10 of his New Deal programs were unconstitutional
How did FDR decide to try to fix his issue with the Supreme Court?
add justices who supported his programs to the Court
How many justices did Roosevelt want to add to the Supreme Court?
six who supported his programs
How many total justices would have been on the Supreme Court if FDr's plan had worked?
15, fifteen
Did FDR's Court Packing Plan work?
No
What was FDR accused of being due to his Court Packing Plan?
a dictator
How did FDR actually fix his problem with the Supreme Court?
one justice changed his views, another died so FDR got to appoint a new one who supported the New Deal
How as FDR viwed as a president today?
highly regarded
What is FDR credited with?
ending the banking crisis and helping farmers
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)
protected workers from unfair management
What types of unfair management did the Wagner Act protect workers from?
being fired for joining a union
What did the Wagner Act allow?
collective bargaining
What happened to union membership during the Great Depression?
it tripled. TRIPLED. THAT IS THREE TIMES MORE!!!!!!!!!!!
John L. Lewis
founder of Congress of Industrial Organiations
What year did the Social Security Act go into effect?
1935
How does Social Security Work?
income of working people is taxed and sent indirectly to retired people
What are the 3 parts of Social Security?
1. pensions for retired people
2. pensions for disabled people and orphans under 18
3. nation's 1st unemployment insurace
What does deficit spending create?
national debt
What ended the Great Depression?
World War II
What state was worst affected by the Dust Bowl?
Oklahoma
What were the worst affected states of the Dust Bowl?
Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, Colorado
Causes of the Dust Bowl
overgrazing, planting the same crop year after year (taking important nutrients from the soil), plowing, overfarming, high winds
What fraction of people left the Dust Bowl?
1/3
What fraction of people stayed in the Dust Bowl?
2/3
What states did most people move to from the Dust Bowl?
Oregon, Washington, California
what were migrant workers from the Dust Bowl called? Why?
Okies. It was assumed that they all came from Oklahoma, they worst affected state of the Dust Bowl
What did migrant workers from the Dust Bowl usually meet in California? Why?
violence, because native Californians wanted the few jobs there were
what helped migrant workers from the Dust Bowl?
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
How did women in the depression make money?
went to work again doing laundry, ironing, keeping chickens and selling eggs, making and selling butter, taking in boarders
What was the name of Eleanor Roosevelt's newspaper column?
My Day
Eleanor Roosevelt was the ________________ of FDR
eyes and ears
FDR was ________ from the chest down.
paralyzed
What was the national unemployment rate during Great Depression?
25%
What was the unemployment rate of African Americans during the depression?
50%
What country were 400,000 people deported to during the depression?
Mexico
What group of peole were offered free transport back to their home country?
Filipinos
How did lives of Native Americans improve during the Depression?
their lands were better protected, given more authority over their own affairs, got some more land
Who wrote Grapes of Wrath?
John Steinbeck
What book did John Steinbeck write?
Grapes of Wrath
What groups of people displayed the harsh lives of ordinary citizens during the depression?
photographers and painters
Who wrote War of the Worlds?
H.G. Wells
what book did H.G. Wells write?
War of the Worlds
What radio broadcast made many Americans believe that the country was being attacked by Martians?
Orson Welles's War of the Worlds broadcast
Who said the famous broadcast of War of the Worlds, leading many to believe the planet was under attack from space?
Orson Welles
What movie starred Judy Garland?
The Wizard of Oz
Who starred in the Wizard of Oz?
Judy Garland
What movie was about a spoiled heiress from South Carolina during the Civil War?
Gone With the Wind
Who was the most famous child star of the 30's?
Shirley Temple
When was aproval for the Hoover Dam given?
March 4, 1931
What percentage of Americans had no savings in 1929?
80%
How much did the Hoover Dam cost in today's money?
1 billion/$1,000,000,000
how many men worked on the hoover dam?
5,000
On what date was the hoover dam completed?
Sept. 30, 1935
How many years ahead of schedule was the Hoover dam completed?
2 years
After the Hoover dam's completion, what state produced more food than any other state?
California
What city did workers on the Hoover Dam go to to drink and gamble?
Las Vegas
Why was the building of the Hoover Dam important?
it was the biggest dam ever built anywhere at that point, built on the powerful Colorado River, biggest concrete structure on Earth, 1930's equivalent of putting a man on the moon
ideas of the Hoover Dam
embodies "Can do" attitude, nothing is too big to take on
What did the building of the Hoover Dam say about American culture?
We can do dificult things to improve life, willing to change the environment, back against the wall we will survive, WE WILL OVERCOME.
What were the 2 stages of building the Hoover Dam?
1. diverting the river away from the work zone
2. building the dam
Who was in charge of building the Hoover Dam?
Frank "Hurry Up" Crowe
What states does the Hoover Dam supply electricity to?
Colorado, California, Nevada
When could work be done on the Hoover Dam?
Four months of the year
How many men did the company say died working on the Hoover Dam? How many did workers say?
company: 96
workers: hundreds
What American fought Max Schmeling for the heavyweight title twice?
Joe Louis
What nationality was Joe Louis?
African American
What country was Max Schmeling from?
Germany
What German fought Joe Louis for the heavyweight title twice?
Max Schmeling
What is the age difference between Joe Louis and Max Schmeling?
eight years; 8 years
How old is Joe Louis at the time fo the 1st heavyweight fight?
22
How old is Max Schmeling at the time of the first heavyweight fight against Joe Louis?
30
Why were the fights between Max Schmeling and Joe Louis important?
1st fight: 1st time America is symbolically represented by a black man, shows Germany on the rise and America as weak
2nd fight: Americans will ALWAYS fight back, Germany is humiliated
How long was the Schmeling/Louis rematch?
124 seconds, just over two minutes
What was the date of the first Schmeling/Louis fight?
June 19, 1936
What is the date of the 2nd Schmeling/Louis fight?
June 28, 1938
Who won the 1st Schmeling/Louis fight?
Max Schmeling
Who won the rematch between Max Schmeling and Joe Louis?
Joe Louis
How many people tuned in to radios worldwide to listen to the rematch between Max Schmeling and Joe Louis? How many in America alone?
140,000,000 (140 million) worldwide; 70,000,000 (70 million) in America
The rematch btween Schmeling and Louis was the ___ shortest heavyweight boxing match in history.
2nd
Who was the favorite to win the first Schmeling/Louis fight?
Joe Louis
What were Joe Louis's odds in the first fight with Max Schmeling?
10 to 1
what do the Schmeling/Louis fights say about american character?
we accept all people, no matter what we will fight back, WE WILL OVERCOME
What are the ideas of the Schmeling/Louis fights?
we accept all people, we will fight back no matter what, shows Africans were still accepted in America, when knocked down you have to push on
What was the rematch between Max Schmeling and Joe Louis really about?
the rematch wasn't about boxing, but about conflictng ideas from America and the Nazis
NIRA
National Industrial Recovery Act
NRA
National Recovery Administration
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps
WPA
Works Progress Administration
PWA
Public Works Administration
REA
Rural Electrification Administration
TVA
Tennessee Valley Association
CIO
Congress of Industrial Organizations