American History Chapter 26 The Great Depression

on margin

paying some now, the rest later; usually on stocks

What is the date of Black Tuesday?

October 29, 1929

What is Black Tuesday?

the day the stock market crashed, beginning of the Great Depression

consumer

person who spends money on goods or services

Great Depression

the period of economic hard time that followed the stock market crash

Causes of the Great Depression

overproduction, weakness in the banking system, declining prices

bankrupt

being unable to pay your debts

relief program

program to help the needy

what were and who ran soup kitchens?

place where the hungry could get a meal; run by prvate charities

public works

projects built by the government for public use

Hooverville

group of shacks where the homeless lived, named after President Herbert Hoover, whom many felt was doing too little

bonus

additional sum of money

Bonus Army

veterans who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand immediate payment of a WW1 bonus

When did the events of the Bonus Army take place?

1932

What were the signs of economic trouble that led to the crash of 1929 and the Great Depression?

Not all Americans shared in the prosperity of the 20's, industries were depressed, farmers were poor, people couldn't pay debts, and the economy began to slow down (no one noticed because the government didn't yet keep records of this)

How did the hard times affect American families?

marriage rates fell, birth rates fell, people searched through dumps for food, fathers and sometimes children left home to search for work and became drifters

drifter

person who drifts from town to town, searching for work

How did President Hoover's response to the depression lead to the actions of the Bonus Army?

he opposed relief programs at first, and called on private charities to start soup kitchens, but wanted the businesses to sort out the problem. The Bonus Army was tired of waiting for the government to help and camped along the Potomac River to demand the

capital

money from investors

polio

highly infectious disease that causes inflammation of the nerve cells and spinal cord, causing paralysis

bank holiday

FDR's closing of the banks for four days during the Hundred Days

Fireside Chat

FDR's radio talks to American people

How many fireside chats did FDR give?

about 30

Hundred Days

the first hundred days (or three months) of FDR's presidency, marked by a record 15 major new laws

New Deal

FDR's plan for ending the Depression

What were the 3 parts of the New Deal?

1. relief for the jobless
2. plans for economic recovery
3. reforms to prevent another depression

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

hired unemployed single men between 18 and 25 and paid them around $1 a day to build bridges, parks, flood prevention, and plant trees

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

put the jobless to work making clothes, hospitals, schools, parks, playgrounds, and airports

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

government agency set up to enforce new codes designed to stabilize industry

Tennessee Valley Association (TVA)

New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power

how many TVA dams are there? In how many states?

49 dams in 7 states

Why did voters elect FDR in 1932?

he had a confident manner and personal charm, promised a New Deal, and wanted to improve the economy

What was the Hundred Days, and what were its accomplishments?

first 3 months (or hundred days) of FDR's presidency. 15 major new laws and new programs to end the Depression

How did the New Deal provide relief?

set up organizations to help the jobless

How did the New Deal promote recovery?

limited production, NRA, farmers paid not to grow certain crops to prevent surpluses, TVA

What economic reforms were aimed at preventing another depression?

regulated stock buying (stop risky buying of stock), and banking system (government insured banks so people wouldn't lose their savings if the banks closed)

Brain Trust

FDR's group of college professor and other experts on economic interests that he consulted

What years did the Great Depression last from?

1929-1941

pension

sum of money to be paid to people on a regular basis after they retire

National Labor Relations Act

law passed in 1935 that protects Americna workers from unfair management practices (Wagner Act)

collective bargaining

process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

Congress of Industrial Organizations

labor organization founded in the 1930's to represent workers in basic mass-production industries

Who founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations

John L. Lewis

Who was one of the main opposers to FDR's New Deal?

Huey Long

sit-down strike

strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached

Social Security Act

a 1935 law that set up a system of pensions for older people and set up the nation's first unemployment insurance

deficit spending

government practice of spending more than is taken in by taxes

national debt

total sum of money that a government owes to others

How did critics of the New Deal propose to end the Depression?

high taxes on the rich, state should rent or purchase unused factories and give them to workers (who could then keep what they make), pensions

Why did FDR attempt to expand the Supreme Court?

he wanted to appoint more justices who supported his programs

How many justices did FDR want to add to the Supreme Court?

six

What does FDR stand for?

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

On balance, did the New Deal help or hurt the country?

help, very much so

What was the Dust Bowl?

region in the Great Plains that was hit by severe drought in the 1930's

migrant workers

person who moves from one region to another in search of work

hobo

person who rode train cars in search of work

Black Cabinet

group of black officials who unofficially advised FDR concerning the situation of African Americans

civil rights

the rights due to all citizens

Indian New Deal

series of laws passed in the 1930's that gave Native Americans greater control over their own affairs

What caused the Dust Bowl?

overgrazing, overfarming, drought, high winds, plowing

How did the depression affect women?

men were hired before women, unemployed husbands neeed nurturing,more married women in the workplace, some women recieved better pay

How did the New Deal reach out to help African Ameicans?

helped young men and they all got civil rights

How did the New Deal reach out to help Asians?

law passed granting Filipinos free transport back to the Philippines if they chose to return

How did the New Deal reach out to help Native Americans?

Indian New Deal, Buerau of Indian Affairs, Indian Reorganization Act, Indian Emergency Conservation Work Group

What was the only minority group whose situation significantly improved during the Great Depression?

Native Americans

What groups suffered during the 1920's?

Coal miners, farmers, factory workers, Mexicans, blacks, women

What was "The Panic"?

period of the greatest selling, people panicked and tried to sell their stocks

When days did The Panic last through?

October 24-29, 1929

When was Black Tuesday?

October 29, 1929

What was the duration of the Great Depression?

October 29, 1929-1941

How many banks failed between 1929 and 1933?

5,000

Between what years did 5,000 banks fail?

1929-1933 (4 years)

Where did the depression spread?

worldwide

What did families do during the Great Depression to avoid losing their homes?

doubled up (aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc. lived under the same roof)

What were the most popular forms of entertainment during the depression?

radio and movies

Which was worse off, people in the country or peope in the city?

people in the city were worse off

What fraction of people were unemployed?

1/4

What percentage of people were unemployed?

25%

What happened to marriage and birth rates during the depression?

they went down

What did Herbert Hoover originally oppose?

relief programs

Who was called on to start soup kitchens?

private charities

examples of public works

schools, dams, highways

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

government organization to LEND MONEY TO BANKS, RAILROAD COMPANIES, AND INSURANCE COMPANIES

Hoover blanket

newspaper used to keep warm

Hoover Leather

cardboard used to fix holes in shoes

Hoover stew:

soup broth

Who was the Republican candidate in the election of 1932?

Herbert Hoover

Who was the Democratic candidate in the election of 1932?

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

What disease did FDR have?

polio

What was Roosevelt's plan for economic recovery

New Deal

What war were the Bonus Army veterans of?

World War I

When was the bonus for WW1 veterans supposed to be paid?

1945

What general drove away the Bonus Army?

Douglas MacArthur

around how many veterans camped in a tent city along the Potomac River, protesting for the early payment of a WW1 bonus?

around 20,000

How many Bonus Army marchers are killed in a fight with police?

4, four

Who wins the election of 1932?

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

What was the only thing FDR said Americans had to fear?

Fear itself.

How many major new laws were passed during the Hundred Days?

15

how many states had no banks at all when FDR became president?

28

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

attempted to make standard wages and prices, how much should be produced, and conditions in a factory

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

tied to the NIRA, if a company meets conditions specified by NIRA they get to display a blue eagle ion their product

Public Works Administration (PWA)

built GRAND COULEE DAM, schools, water port, AIRCRAFT CARRIERS...

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

boosted the percentage of farms with electricity from 11% to 25%

What did the dams built by the TVA provide?

flood prevention, electricity

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

paid farmers not to grow certain crops to avoid surpluses, destroyed surplus crops and livestock (causing anger because food was being destroyed while people were hungry)

Truth-in-Securities Act

any company that sells stock must register with the government and publish a financial statement every business quarter

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

if a bank fails, the U.S. government will insure you up to (usually) $100,000

Why did some people oppose the New Deal?

some felt the government wasn't doing enough, others felt it was too involved in people's lives, deficit spending, wealthy were angry because they had had to work for their money while others were being given jobs, etc.

What fraction of people are unemployed when FDR takes office?

1/4

What fraction of people are unemployed after FDR takes office?

1/6

What was Roosevelt's plan to add justices to the Supreme Court called?

Court Packing Plan

Why was FDR angry at the Supreme Court?

they ruled that 10 of his New Deal programs were unconstitutional

How did FDR decide to try to fix his issue with the Supreme Court?

add justices who supported his programs to the Court

How many justices did Roosevelt want to add to the Supreme Court?

six who supported his programs

How many total justices would have been on the Supreme Court if FDr's plan had worked?

15, fifteen

Did FDR's Court Packing Plan work?

No

What was FDR accused of being due to his Court Packing Plan?

a dictator

How did FDR actually fix his problem with the Supreme Court?

one justice changed his views, another died so FDR got to appoint a new one who supported the New Deal

How as FDR viwed as a president today?

highly regarded

What is FDR credited with?

ending the banking crisis and helping farmers

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

protected workers from unfair management

What types of unfair management did the Wagner Act protect workers from?

being fired for joining a union

What did the Wagner Act allow?

collective bargaining

What happened to union membership during the Great Depression?

it tripled. TRIPLED. THAT IS THREE TIMES MORE!!!!!!!!!!!

John L. Lewis

founder of Congress of Industrial Organiations

What year did the Social Security Act go into effect?

1935

How does Social Security Work?

income of working people is taxed and sent indirectly to retired people

What are the 3 parts of Social Security?

1. pensions for retired people
2. pensions for disabled people and orphans under 18
3. nation's 1st unemployment insurace

What does deficit spending create?

national debt

What ended the Great Depression?

World War II

What state was worst affected by the Dust Bowl?

Oklahoma

What were the worst affected states of the Dust Bowl?

Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, Colorado

Causes of the Dust Bowl

overgrazing, planting the same crop year after year (taking important nutrients from the soil), plowing, overfarming, high winds

What fraction of people left the Dust Bowl?

1/3

What fraction of people stayed in the Dust Bowl?

2/3

What states did most people move to from the Dust Bowl?

Oregon, Washington, California

what were migrant workers from the Dust Bowl called? Why?

Okies. It was assumed that they all came from Oklahoma, they worst affected state of the Dust Bowl

What did migrant workers from the Dust Bowl usually meet in California? Why?

violence, because native Californians wanted the few jobs there were

what helped migrant workers from the Dust Bowl?

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

How did women in the depression make money?

went to work again doing laundry, ironing, keeping chickens and selling eggs, making and selling butter, taking in boarders

What was the name of Eleanor Roosevelt's newspaper column?

My Day

Eleanor Roosevelt was the ________________ of FDR

eyes and ears

FDR was ________ from the chest down.

paralyzed

What was the national unemployment rate during Great Depression?

25%

What was the unemployment rate of African Americans during the depression?

50%

What country were 400,000 people deported to during the depression?

Mexico

What group of peole were offered free transport back to their home country?

Filipinos

How did lives of Native Americans improve during the Depression?

their lands were better protected, given more authority over their own affairs, got some more land

Who wrote Grapes of Wrath?

John Steinbeck

What book did John Steinbeck write?

Grapes of Wrath

What groups of people displayed the harsh lives of ordinary citizens during the depression?

photographers and painters

Who wrote War of the Worlds?

H.G. Wells

what book did H.G. Wells write?

War of the Worlds

What radio broadcast made many Americans believe that the country was being attacked by Martians?

Orson Welles's War of the Worlds broadcast

Who said the famous broadcast of War of the Worlds, leading many to believe the planet was under attack from space?

Orson Welles

What movie starred Judy Garland?

The Wizard of Oz

Who starred in the Wizard of Oz?

Judy Garland

What movie was about a spoiled heiress from South Carolina during the Civil War?

Gone With the Wind

Who was the most famous child star of the 30's?

Shirley Temple

When was aproval for the Hoover Dam given?

March 4, 1931

What percentage of Americans had no savings in 1929?

80%

How much did the Hoover Dam cost in today's money?

1 billion/$1,000,000,000

how many men worked on the hoover dam?

5,000

On what date was the hoover dam completed?

Sept. 30, 1935

How many years ahead of schedule was the Hoover dam completed?

2 years

After the Hoover dam's completion, what state produced more food than any other state?

California

What city did workers on the Hoover Dam go to to drink and gamble?

Las Vegas

Why was the building of the Hoover Dam important?

it was the biggest dam ever built anywhere at that point, built on the powerful Colorado River, biggest concrete structure on Earth, 1930's equivalent of putting a man on the moon

ideas of the Hoover Dam

embodies "Can do" attitude, nothing is too big to take on

What did the building of the Hoover Dam say about American culture?

We can do dificult things to improve life, willing to change the environment, back against the wall we will survive, WE WILL OVERCOME.

What were the 2 stages of building the Hoover Dam?

1. diverting the river away from the work zone
2. building the dam

Who was in charge of building the Hoover Dam?

Frank "Hurry Up" Crowe

What states does the Hoover Dam supply electricity to?

Colorado, California, Nevada

When could work be done on the Hoover Dam?

Four months of the year

How many men did the company say died working on the Hoover Dam? How many did workers say?

company: 96
workers: hundreds

What American fought Max Schmeling for the heavyweight title twice?

Joe Louis

What nationality was Joe Louis?

African American

What country was Max Schmeling from?

Germany

What German fought Joe Louis for the heavyweight title twice?

Max Schmeling

What is the age difference between Joe Louis and Max Schmeling?

eight years; 8 years

How old is Joe Louis at the time fo the 1st heavyweight fight?

22

How old is Max Schmeling at the time of the first heavyweight fight against Joe Louis?

30

Why were the fights between Max Schmeling and Joe Louis important?

1st fight: 1st time America is symbolically represented by a black man, shows Germany on the rise and America as weak
2nd fight: Americans will ALWAYS fight back, Germany is humiliated

How long was the Schmeling/Louis rematch?

124 seconds, just over two minutes

What was the date of the first Schmeling/Louis fight?

June 19, 1936

What is the date of the 2nd Schmeling/Louis fight?

June 28, 1938

Who won the 1st Schmeling/Louis fight?

Max Schmeling

Who won the rematch between Max Schmeling and Joe Louis?

Joe Louis

How many people tuned in to radios worldwide to listen to the rematch between Max Schmeling and Joe Louis? How many in America alone?

140,000,000 (140 million) worldwide; 70,000,000 (70 million) in America

The rematch btween Schmeling and Louis was the ___ shortest heavyweight boxing match in history.

2nd

Who was the favorite to win the first Schmeling/Louis fight?

Joe Louis

What were Joe Louis's odds in the first fight with Max Schmeling?

10 to 1

what do the Schmeling/Louis fights say about american character?

we accept all people, no matter what we will fight back, WE WILL OVERCOME

What are the ideas of the Schmeling/Louis fights?

we accept all people, we will fight back no matter what, shows Africans were still accepted in America, when knocked down you have to push on

What was the rematch between Max Schmeling and Joe Louis really about?

the rematch wasn't about boxing, but about conflictng ideas from America and the Nazis

NIRA

National Industrial Recovery Act

NRA

National Recovery Administration

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps

WPA

Works Progress Administration

PWA

Public Works Administration

REA

Rural Electrification Administration

TVA

Tennessee Valley Association

CIO

Congress of Industrial Organizations