Classic period Mesoamerican civilizations were built on the political foundation of which early civilization?
Olmec
Mesoamerican classic period political and cultural innovations were based on
ability of elites to control laborers and soldiers
Largest city in Americans in 450-600 was
Teotihuacan
Quetzalcoatl was
feathered serpent god
How did Mesoamericans view human sacrifice?
essential to the well-being of society
Chinampas (floating gardens)
allowed year-round farming and population growth
Housing of Mesoamerican common people in cities
apartment-like stone buildings
Most important products of Teotihuacan's industry were
pottery and obsidian
Teotihuacan was commercial and religious center that
elite class used as base of wealth and status
Teotihuacan ruled by
alliance of elite families
Mayan political state organized into
rival kingdoms or city-states
What is NOT a Mayan food-providing strategy?
swidden agriculture
Mayan architecture took advantage of
alignment of sun and Venus
Why did Mayan leaders spill their blood?
to communicate w/ gods and ancestors
Mayan military fought to secure
captives
What was role of ruling class Mayan women?
political and religious ceremony participation
Lower class Mayan women were NOT
preferred sacrificial victims
One Mayan contribution is
calendar
Some Mayan math contributions are
concept of 0 and place value
Toltecs created a "conquest state" based on
military power
Toltec capital
Tula
Aztecs also known as
Mexica
Aztec society was
clan-based
What is NOT an inequality in Aztec society
wealthy buried in pyramids
Aztecs fed growing population by
building dikes and chinampas
Aztec gods were
male and female
Aztec cult of hummingbird was called
Huitzilopochtli
Twin Tenotochtitlan temples symbolize
war and agriculture
Ohio and Mississippi valley society based on
maize, beans, and squash
Anasazi cultural life based on
Kivas, underground buildings
Large mounds in Ohio Valley were
elite burial sites
Aztecs preferred _____ as sacrificial victims
war captives
Andean people prevented famine by
discovering freeze drying vegetables and meats
Andean domesticated animals crucial for meat and transportation
llama and alpaca
ayllu means
clan group
Mit'a is
rotational labor orginization
Moche used coca plant for
religious rituals
Moche artisans did NOT produce
bronze figurines
Andean cities that preceded Inca
Wari and Tiwaniku
Inca ensured loyalty of defeated regions by
forcing heirs of defeated rulers to live in the royal court
Cuzco was
laid out in shape of a puma
Advantage of Mongol was
promotion of spread of ideas and movement of people in Eurasia
Herodotus portrayed steppe nomads as
superb horsemen, herdsmen, and hunters.
Mongol leader, the Khan had
decisions ratified by a council
Role of Mongol women in politics
women from prestigious families were often powerful in negotiation and management
Religion of Central Asian nomads
diverse mixture
Metal that was crucially important to Central Asian nomads
iron
first Mongol conquests under Genghis Khan were in
China
NOT a technique of Mongols to defeat armies
diplomacy
Mongols did NOT attack central Europe in 1241 because of
death of Great Khan
Narratives such as Marco Polo's created a European
ambition to find easier routes to Asia
Mongol expansion
created a flow of disease via trade routes
Conflict between Il-Khan and Golden Horde originated in
religious differences
In 1295, Ghazan converted to
Islam
Tax farming is
sale of tax-collecting contracts to small corporations
Who was Juvaini?
first to write history of Mongols
Why was there a cultural flowering in Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia under the Timurids?
Egyptian artisans migrated throughout Central Asia and Middle East
Who attempted to write first world history?
Rashid al-Din
Islamic mathematician Nasir al-DIn strongly influenced
Copernicus
Timurids supported discovery of
eclipse prediction
How did Mongol control impact Russia's Orthodox church?
granted great privileges
Russia's dominant political center under Mongols
Moscow
Mongol rule of Russia overthrown by
Ivan III
Teutonic knights fought
Mongols
Mongol armies consisted of
multinational force w/ Mongol leaders
Europeans did NOT learn about ____ from Mongols
porcelain
1453, Ottomans conquered this Christian city
Constantinople
Mongols influence by religious leaders in
Tibet
Why didn't China as we think of it today exist before the Mongols?
Mongols reunited it permanently
Yuan tax administration relied on _________ administrators
Persian, Arab, and Uighur
Mongols elevated the status of
merchants
To solve the credit problem, Mongols provided
paper money and copper coins
One impact of the rise of cities under Mongol rule was
increasing influence of Mandarin
What did NOT cause Mongol population decrease?
insistence that Chinese practice agriculture, not trade
Mongols did NOT encourage the sharing and exchanging of
Confucianism
1368, Yuan Empire overthrown and replaced by
Ming
To demonstrate rejection of Mongols, Ming Empire
severed relations w/ Middle East and Central Asia and closed borders to foreigners
Emperor Yongle improved the Mongol imperial complex called the
Forbidden City
Emperor Yongle restored commercial links w/ Middle East by
exploring maritime connections and encouraging voyages of Zheng He
Zheng He's primary accomplishment was
acquiring Ming tributary states
Why didn't Ming develop seafaring for commercial and military gain?
Mongol threat from N. took priority
Chinese censored info to foreigners because they
feared technological transfer
Water Margin and The Romance of the 3 Kingdoms are
Ming literature
Ming produced most prized product in Eurasia
Porcelain
Mongols did NOT teach Koreans
sailing and ship building
Relationship between Koryo family and Mogols was
attached and loyal
Yi kingdom publicly rejected Mongols but
adopted Mongol administrative practices and institutions
Rise in Korean literacy rate resulted from
improved printing system and han'gul writing system
Yi Kingdom agriculture based on their cash crop:
cotton
Military techniques and innovations that made Yi military a formidable defensive force?
Cannon w/ gunpowder-driven arrow launchers
What prevented Mongols from invading Japan?
storm
How did threat of Mongol invasion affect Japan?
Military gov. built coastal defenses, hoping to consolidate warrior class
kamikaze means
wind of the gods
Ancestor of modern Vietnam formed when Annam
annexed Champa
Well-traveled Muslim scholar who left a journal
Ibn Battuta
Center of Tropical zone
Equator
Rainy and dry seasons in Indian Ocean reflect influence of
monsoons
Human migrations spread______ around the tropics by 1200
bananas, yams, and coffee
form of extensive agriculture used in Sub-Saharan Africa
shifting cultivation
To accommodate uneven distribution of rainfall, S. Indian farmers
constructed elaborate irrigation canals