bourgeoisie
The middle class in France during the old regime
deficit spending
That is a government's spending more money than it takes in
faction
Were smaller groups that competed to gain power in Paris
�migr�
Were nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces
republic
A government ruled not by a monarch, but by elected representatives
Bastille
Was a grim medieval fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners
ancien regime
Also called the old order, it was a class system where everyone in France either belonged to the First Estate (made up of clergy), the Second Estate (made up of the nobility), or the Third Estate (made up of the vast majority of the population).
Jacques Necker
Was Louis XVI's wise financial wizard who functioned as his advisor
cahiers
Also called notebooks, they listed the grievances of the people in the Estates General
Tennis Court Oath
Was when the delegates of the Nation Assembly swore "never to separate and to meet whenever the circumstances might require until they had established a sound and just constitution.
National Assembly
Was actually the Third Estate but renamed themselves when they claimed to represent the people of France and invited delegates from the other estates to help then write a constitution for France.
Great Fear
Was when rumors of attacks on villages and town created panic
Tricolor
Was a red, white, and blue badge, which was eventually adopted as the national flag of France
Legislative Assembly
Was a newly elected group that took office and was faced with problem internal and externally; it lasted less than a year.
Declaration of Pinitz
This was a document issued by the King of Prussia ad the emperor of Austria. I it, the two monarchs threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy.
Jacobins
A revolutionary political club made up of mostly middle-class lawyers or intellectuals who used pamphleteers and newspaper editors to advance the republican cause.
suffrage
The right to vote
nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
secular
Nonreligious
Committee of Public Safety
It dealt with the threats to France made up of 12-members who had absolute power and battled to save the revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
He was a shrewd lawyer and politician who quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety
Directory
Was set up b the Constitution of 1765 made up of five men and a two-house legislature elected by the male citizens
Olympe de Gouges
Was a female journalist who demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the rights of Woman
La Marseillaise
It was a song from the revolution that later became the French national anthem
Jacques Louis David
He was a leading artist of the revolution period
plebiscite
Napoleon held these which were a ballot in which voters says yes or no
Napoleonic Code
It was Napoleon's most lasting reforms and a new law code as well
annex
Added outright
Concordat of 1801
It kept the Church under state control but recognized religious freedom for Catholics
blockade
This involves shutting off ports to keep people or supplies from moving in or out
Battle of Trafalgar
It was fought off the south west coast of Spain, when British war hero Horatio Nelson smashed a French fleet
Consulate
Was a three-man governing board set up by Napoleon when he overthrew the Directory
Continental System
This closed Europeans ports to British goods
Confederation of the Rhine
Was the new version of the Holy Roman Empire that now became a 38-member confederation under the French protection
guerrilla warefare
Hit and run-raids used against France in Spain
abdicate
To step down from power
legitimacy
Restoring hereditary monarchies that the French revolution or Napoleon had unseated
Scorched earth policy
This was when Russia tried to avoid battles with Napoleon by retreating eastward and burring crops and villages along the way leaving the French army hungry and cold as winter came in.
Clemens von Metternich
Was prince of Austria who was part of the Congress of Vienna
Alexander I (Tsar)
Was the Tsar of Russia during the time of Napoleon
Louis XVIII
Was the brother of Louis XVI who was recognized as king of France when Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba
Tallyrand
He represented France in the Congress of Vienna
Joseph Bonaparte
Was Napoleon's brother who replaced the king of Spain
Duke of Wellington (Arthur Wellesley)
Was the British army commander who helped the Spanish fight France
Marie Louise
Was the Austrian Princess who married Napoleon
Waterloo
Was the town near Belgium where British and Prussian forces battled Napoleon after he escaped from exile, but Napoleon was defeated and sent to the island of St. Helena where he did not return
Quadruple Alliance
Was an alliance between Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain where the four nations pledged to act together to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings
Francisco Goya
He was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker
Congress of Vienna
Was a meeting of diplomats and heads of state who were faced the monumental task of restoring stability and order in Europe after years of revolution and war