Prince Henry
Portuguese prince who started a school for sailors and sponsored early voyages of exploration
Vasco Da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
Ferdindnad Magellan
This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world
James Cook
English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)
Afonso de Albuquerque
Portuguese naval/military leader who ended Muslim control of the Indian Ocean trade--took Goa, Moluccas, and held much of SE under Portuguese control
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
Cross staff
device that sailors used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon
Volta do Mar
Returning through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents.
Seven Years' War
Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans
Galleons
Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.
Joint-stock company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
English East India Company
an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.