population revolution
large increase in Western Europe's population after 1730 due to border regulation of diseased animals and improved nutrition. Significance: Led to more competition within upper-class families and health concerns in crowded urban areas. Eventually led to e
protoindustrialization
Europe's preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy.
Most workers become fully time or part time producers of textile and metal products. Significance: precursor to full-scale manufacturing of Industrial Revolution.
American Revolution
War between American colonies and England from 1775-1783. Significance: Led to independence of colonies and the United States of America. Also, Declaration of Independence & Constitution sparked other revolutions such as the French Revolution.
French Revolution
Revolution that took place in France from 1789 to 1800. Resulted in end of French monarchy with execution of Louis XVI, establishment of French empire. Significance: began new political movements such as conservatism, liberalism, etc. Also started nationa
Louis XVI
King of France before French Revolution who was eventually executed. Significance: called together a Meeting of the Estates which eventually to the Tennis-Court Oath and creation of National Assembly.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
written at the beginning of the French Revolution, 1789. Based on Enlightenment ideas and gave rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." Significance: rallying point in transforming French government to a republic. Also impact
Guillotine
an instrument of execution used extensively during the French Revolution. Initially seen as a humane way to inflict death. Significance: It became the symbol for revolutionary bloodthirst.
Napoleon Bonaparte
an ambitious leading general in the French army who became the emperor of France and conquered most of Europe during the early nineteenth century, changing the balance of power. Significance: established an authoritarian regime at the end of the French Re
Congress of Vienna
A meeting where conservatives who had dethroned Napoleon met in order to stabilize Europe and make further revolutions impossible. Significance: redistributed land to restore balance of power and tried to reestablish the monarchy. Did not take liberals in
Liberalism
The belief in the importance of individual liberty and equal rights. Significance: New movement which brought new ideals and caused revolutions in favor of government with representation and voting. Opposed to conservatives.
Conservatism
movement in Europe that defined its members as in opposition to revolutionary goals. Significance: acted to restore monarchy in France and to link Europe's major powers in defense of churches and kings.
Radicals
political movement in Europe during the 19th century that advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy, and urged reforms in favor of the lower classes. Significance: leaders such as Robespierre took control of
Nationalism
The pride and unification of a people that valuing a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. Significance: major role in revolutions.
Greek Revolution
Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman empire in 1820. All in all successful, as is, along with various other factors, led to the gradual downfall of the overpowering Ottomans. Significance: Key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the
Reform Bill of 1832
Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. Significance: The people in Britain had more political voice in government.
Factory System
intensification of processes of production at single sites during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and firmer discipline. Significance: increased working efficiency (i.e., quantity/speed of manufacturing).
Luddites
A social movement of British textile artisans in the nineteenth century who protested against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, which they felt were leaving them without work and changing their way of life. Significance: embodied oppositi
Chartist movement
a movement by artisans and workers in Britain for political and social reform during the mid-19th century. Significance: wanted government to regulate new technology and promote education. However, petitions and movement failed.
French Revolution of 1848
one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe which resulted in the election of Louis Napoleon as President of the Second Republic. Significance: led to the the Second French Empire, which lasted until 1871.
Otto von Bismarck
prime minister of Prussia who enacted liberal reforms and created a partial democracy. Significance: major role in German unification by orchestrating wars against France and Austria. New empire had parliament and suffrage.
American Civil War
a war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865. Significance: created large riff between North and south and emancipated slaves in the nation.
Social Question
a set of key social issues that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, including public health, education, travel, welfare, and working conditions. Significance: government functions expanded to address issues through reforms.
Karl Marx
founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto. Significance: warned against evils of capitalism and promoted socialism as new, visionary society for working class.
Revisionism
Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions. Significance: presented new, more moderate idea of socialist society instead of Marx's
Feminist movements
Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal opportunity, higher education, and suffrage. Won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century. (Stearns online 72)
Significance: wo
Mass leisure culture
emerged as people began to earn more money to spend on newspapers, sports, theater, etc. Significance: a step in consumerism/secularism, because people sought entertainment and pleasure in their free time.
Charles Darwin
English scientist during period of industrialization. Significance: introduced theory of evolution & more complex view of nature.
Albert Einstein
A scientist from the 1900's. Significance: He contributed the theory of general and special relativity and other theories related to math and science to the field.
Romanticism
An artistic movement which emphasized emotion and impression as the keys to the secrets of the human experience and nature. The art in the Romanticism time was open to interpretation by the viewer, and included impressionism and abstract styles. Significa
Triple Alliance
The alliance between three of the great powers of the West: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It was significant because it promised if one of the countries was attacked, the other two would support that country. It was also significant because it with
Triple Entente
The Triple Entente along with the Triple Allience formed between Britain, Russia and France in the early 20th century. Significance: this paired with the Triple Alliance balanced the power in Europe prior to World War I.
Balkan nationalism
Movements to Significance: in the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance systemv Significance: eventually led to World War I.