Ch 13

By mid-1800s, why did so many groups of people in Japan feel disconnected?

Tokugawa shoguns seized power in Japan and closed it to foreigners. For over 200 years, Japan was isolated from other nations.

Matthew Perry

commodore who led a fleet of well-armed U.S. ships. Pres. Fillmore demanded that Japan open its ports, 1853

How did Japan react when it was forced to accept unequal treaties?

Japanese felt humiliated by the terms of unequal treates, discontented daimyo and samurai led a revolt.

Meiji Restoration

long reign and turning point in Japan's history. Mutsuhito studied Western ideas to modernize Japan

Tokyo

renamed city of Edo during Meiji Restoration, "eastern capital

Diet

Japanese legislature under Meiji Restoration, modeled after German autocratic system

zaibatsu

powerful banking and industrial families created during the Meiji Restoration

What changes did the reforms of the Meiji Restoration bring in Japan?

Meiji reformers wanted to create new political and social system and build a modern industrial economy.

How did industrialization help start Japan on an imperialist course?

Industrialization helped Japan grow and develop. As industry boomed, Japan modernized with great speed. This led to Japan trying to build an empire.

homogeneous society

common culture and language, Japan modernized with amazing speed partly due to its strong sense of identity.

First Sino-Japanese War, 1894

competition between Japan and China in Korea led to this war. Japan easily won. Gained Taiwan

Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Japan defeated Russia, gained Korea and Manchurian territories

Why was control of Korea desirable to Japan?

Japan was an island without many industrial resources like Korea. Korea was also in the path of the direction and way to China

Dutch East Indies

Indonesia

Britain controlled in 1800s

Burma, Malaya, Singapore

French Indochina

Southeast Asian mainland. Included Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Mongkut, 1851-1868

King of Siam, who didn't underestimate Western power. He prevented Siam becoming a European colony.

Chulalongkorn

Mongkut's son set Siam on the road to modernization to reform government, modernize army, hired Western experts to teach Thais how to use new technology
Abolished slavery, gave women some choice in marriage, bargained to remove unequal treaties

prevention of European rule in Siam

Mongkut accepted unequal treaties in return for continued power, modernized the army, reformed the government, embraced Western technology, abolished slavery, and gave women more say in marriage.

Spanish-American War, 1898

War over Cuba's attempts to win independence from Spain. Inspired the Filipinos to declare independence from Spain. They achieved this but then fell under American rule.

Filipino Rebels

In return for US's help against Spain, they expected independence. Instead in the treaty that ended the war, US gave Spain $20 million in exchange for the Philippines, so they renew their fight for independence, but US crushed rebellion

Liliuokalani

Last Queen of Hawaii who was overthrown by American planters in 1893

Constitutional Act of 1791

To ease ethnic tensions, British passed this that created two provinces--Upper Canada and Lower Canada

Canada's Problem

The lower classes resented the power held by a small group of elites who controlled the government.

Louis Joseph Papineau

Head of the French Canadian Reform Party, who led the rebellion in Lower Canada (Quebec).

William Lyon Mackenzie

Led the rebellion in Upper Canada (Ontario).

confederation

unification

dominion

self-governing nation. granted to Canada 1867

indigenous

original

M�tis

people of mixed Native American and French descent. Many were French-speaking Catholics who believed that the gov't was trying to take their land and destroy their language & religion

penal colony

A place where convicts are sent to be punished. How Australia started

Aborigines/Kooris

The indigenous people of Australia. They failed to keep settlers from their land because of their diversity. They were spread over the continent and had around 250 languages.

the "Outback

rugged Australian interior

Maori

The indigenous people of New Zealand who fought fiercely against the Europeans. Eventually restistance crumbled and the Europeans control New Zealand.

regionalism

loyalty to a local area weakened new nations

caudillos

local strongmen assembled private armies to resist the central government

Benito Juarez

Liberal reformer of Zapotec Indian heritage, opened an era of reform known as La Reforma
Offered hope to oppressed people of Mexico, revised Mexican constitution to strip the military of power and end the special privileges of the Church, ordered Church t

La Reforma

Era of liberal reform in Mexico from 1855 to 1876
Benito Juarez opened this era of reform, conservatives resisted this and began a civil war

peonage

system by which workers owe labor to pay their debts

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

ambitious and cunning caudillo gained and lost power many times, posed as a liberal reformer and reversed his stand and crushed efforts at reform

General Porfirio Diaz

Hero of war against the French staged a military coup and gained power, ruled as a dictator
In the name of "Order and Progress", he strengthened army, local police, and central government
Crushed opposition with harsh rule, Mexico made tangible economic a

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the war between Mexico and US,
Mexico lost almost half its territory, embarrassing defeat triggered new violence between conservatives and liberals

Latin American Conservatives

ruling elite that defended the traditional social order, favored press censorship, and strongly supported the Catholic Church

Latin American Liberals

saw themselves as enlightened supporters of progress but often showed little concern for the needs of the majority of the people

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

American policy of discouraging European intervention in the Western Hemisphere

Platt Amendment, 1901

US forced Cubans to add this amendment to their constitution, gave US naval bases in Cuba and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

Roosevelt Corollary, 1904

policy where the US "policed" the Western Hemisphere to protect our economic interests

Dollar Diplomacy

policy of Pres. Taft to have American companies continue to invest in countries of Latin America

Panama Canal

opened 1914, cut the distance of a sea journey, engineering marvel that boosted trade and shipping worldwide
To people in Latin America, this was an example of "Yankee Imperialism

Panamanians, 1903

quickly won independence from Columbia with US support and gave the US control of the land to build the canal