plantations
estates in the Americas where cash crops were grown on a large scale
triangular trade
trading network that brought goods from Europe to Africa to be traded for slaves, took the slaves to the Americas to be sold, then brought American goods back to Europe
Middle Passage
name for the second leg of the triangle, bringing captive Africans to the Americas, where they were sold as slaves
Olaudah Equiano
African who wrote about the horrific conditions Africans endured on Middle Passage voyages
African Diaspora
the spread of people of African descent throughout the Americas and Western Europe as a result of the slave trade, eventually spreading African culture throughout the Western world
various walks of life
The people who were forced into slavery came from ?
shortage of labor
A ? in the Americas led to the beginning of the Atlantic slave
trade
plantations
European planters in the Americas needed large numbers of workers on their ?, estates where cash crops such as sugar or tobacco were grown on a large scale
sugar or tobacco
plantations are estates where cash crops such as ? were grown on a large scale
Native Americans; diseases
Planters first used ? as workers, but European ? had killed millions of them
indentured servants
In the 1600s planters used ?�people who worked for a set period in exchange for passage to the Americas�from Europe, but such workers were expensive to support
West Africa; Senegal and Angola
Most African slaves came from the coast of ?, between ?
firearms or other goods
Some slaves were supplied by African rulers in exchange for European ?
kidnapped
Others were ? on slave raids organized by European traders
triangular trade
Captured Africans were marched to slave ships where they became part of a network called the ?
European goods to Africa
The first leg of the triangle consisted of ships carrying ? to be exchanged for slaves
Middle Passage
The second leg, or ?, brought Africans to the Americas to be sold as slaves
Africans to America
The second leg, or Middle Passage, brought ? to be sold as slaves
products; sugar, tobacco, rice
The third leg carried American ? such as ? to Europe
directly
Some slave traders from the Americas sailed ? to Africa, however, not following the triangular route
terrifying ordeal
The Middle Passage was a ?
chained; dark; cramped
Captive Africans were ? together and forced into ?, ? quarters below the ship's decks
small space
In many cases in the Middle Passage, the Africans were packed into such a ? that they could neither sit nor stand
Olaudah Equiano
One African, ?, later wrote about these horrific conditions of the Middle Passage
3-6 weeks
The journey to the Americas usually lasted ?
10-20%
Between ? of all captive Africans did not survive the voyage
more terrors
When those who survived arrived in the Americas, they faced still ?�the auction block and an uncertain future
Caribbean sugar plantations
Spanish traders took slaves to their ?
Brazil
Portuguese traders brought millions of African slaves to ?
West Indies; North American colonies
The English took most of their captives to the ? but also brought large numbers to ?
England
By the end of the 1600s ? dominated the slave trade
plantations; mines, towns, countryside
Most enslaved Africans worked on ?, but others worked in ?
skilled craft workers; continued
African slaves who had been ?�such as carpenters, metalworkers, or coopers�often ? their crafts in the Americas
domestic
Women were sometimes given ? duties as servants and cooks
short hours
Slaves had to meet their own basic needs in the ? at the end of the workday
cooking, mending clothing, tending sick
Daily tasks such as ? had to be fit in around the work they performed for the slaveholder
harsh
Living conditions for many enslaved people were ?
physical and degrading
Owners and overseers inflicted ? punishment for minor offenses
rebellion
many slaveholders lived in constant fear of ? by angry slaves who could not take the harsh treatment they faced on plantations anymore
property
Laws in the Americas considered enslaved Africans to be ?
rights or freedoms; controlled
Slaves had no ?, and slaveholders ? most of the conditions under which they lived
brutal treatment and abuse
In many cases, enslaved people endured ?
keep traditions alive; religion
Enslaved Africans and their descendants coped with these inhumane conditions by ? and turned to ? for hope and strength for a better life
work slowly, destroy equipment, revolt, flee
ways enslaved Africans fought back the slave holders
communities of runaways
Some slaves were able to flee plantations and establish ? in remote areas
15-20 million
Historians have estimated that about ? Africans were shipped to the Americas against their will
Europe, Asia, Middle East
Millions more were sent to ?
400
The Atlantic slave trade continued for ? years and devastated societies in West Africa
human
The ? cost of the slave trade was enormous
strongest young
Slave raiders captured many of the ? people�the future leaders of their societies
divided; wars
The slave trade also ? Africans from one another such as some
African rulers waged ? against their own people and their neighbors to gain captives
other parts of the world
The forced labor of millions of Africans did not enrich Africa, but it did enrich ?
economies
The labor of African slaves helped build the ? of many American colonies
agriculture
African slaves' knowledge of ? contributed to the growth of the rice industry in the southern English colonies
spread
As a result of the slave trade, people of African descent ? throughout the Americas and Western Europe
African Diaspora
? eventually led to the diffusion of African culture�including music, art, religion, and food�throughout the Western world
marching; aboard; freedom; servitude
Countless people died ? from the interior to the coast or crammed ? slave ships. Slavery deprived millions of people of their ? and doomed their descendants to lives of forced ?
many
Throughout history, slavery has existed in ? parts of the world, including Africa
devastated
The Atlantic slave trade continued for 400 years and ? societies in West Africa