Clovis was the first important non-Roman king to convert to Christianity.
What is the significance of Clovis's conversion to Christianity?
At first monks lived the life of a hermit, separated from the world and dedicated to a spiritual life. Later monks adopted the rules of St. Benedict and schools, hospitality for travelers, hospitals and taught skills to peasants. According to the rules of
Describe how monks lived and the types of work they did?
it symbolized a "coming together" of Roman, Christian and Germanic elements into a united empire, It demonstrated the idea of an enduring "Roman Empire, it enhanced the power of the Pope/Church to make rulers
What was the importance of the coronation of Charlemagne as the Roman Emperor?
Pope
(from father in Latin, title of the head of the Catholic Church
Missionary
people that were sent out to deliver a religious message and who sought to convert non-Christian people to Christianity
Anglo-Saxon
name given to the descendants of tribes from Northern Germany and Denmark that settled in Britain
Clovis
Frankish king that was among the first major non-Roman kings to become Christian, which led to a spreading of the Christian religion outside of Rome
Saint Benedict
founded a community of monks and is best known for the rules that he wrote for them to live by, this included several hours of physical work as well as eating, worshipping and working together
Mayor of the palace
title of the person that actually ran the kingdom in the land of the Franks, during the time of the "Do Nothing Kings
Pepin
son of Charles Martel, became king of the land of the Franks with the Pope's support
Charlemagne
son of Pepin, leader fo the Franks, greatly increased the land held by the Franks and created what became known as the Carolingian Empire
Vassalage describes the relationship between a lord and his vassal. The lord gave his vassal land (including serfs), with which he could support himself and his family. In exchange the vassal was expected to provide military service to the lord when it wa
Explain the idea of vassalage?
In a society with very little money, the ownership of land became the most apparent sign of wealth. In addition the vassal became the sole political authority on his land, and this added to his prestige.
Why was land the most important gift a lord could give a vassal?
Feudalism
A time when a weak central government and power was based on land ownership
Vassal
a person that serves a lord, in exchange for land that he was given
Knight
armed soldiers on horseback, usually wearing some type of armor
Fief
name given to a grant of land made to a vassal
Chivalry
a code of "idealized" behavior that was common among the nobility during feudalism
Duke William of Normandy won the Battle of Hastings and became king of England.
What happened in 1066 AD
The Magna Cartal recognized the fact that the king's power was limited and not absolute. Later on the Magna Carta led to the formation of Parliament and the beginnings of democracy in Europe.
Why is the Magna Carta considered one of the most important documents in the Middle Ages?
Common law
started under Henry II, a law that was common to all the kingdom
Magna Carta
King John was forced to sign this in 1215 by an uprising of nobles, it limited the kings power and made it clear that the king was not above the law
William of Normandy
the Duke that defeated King Harold in 1066, and became king of England
Battle of Hastings
the famous battle the gave William control of England
Henry II
King of England, he established "royal courts" that gave England one court system for the entire country, blamed for Thomas a' Beckett murder, 3 fools "Rid me of this damn priest", had to pray/be whipped, etc
Thomas a' Beckett
the Archbishop of Canterbury, murdered by followers of Henry II, which led to a public outrage and forced the king to back down from his struggle with the church
Mongols
warriors from Asia that conquered Russia and much of eastern Europe
Alexander Nevsky
Russian prince that defeated and invading German Army and was rewarded by the Mongol ruler with the title of Grand Prince, later when the Mongols were driven out, his descendants became the leaders of all of Russia
Constantinople was located along trade routes between Europe and Asia.
Why was Constantinople one of medieval Europe's greatest centers of commerce?
The Crusades were an attempt by Europeans to capture the Holy Land and take control away from the Moslems. Overall the Crusades were a failure
What was the purpose of the Crusades and how successful were they?
religious fervor (desire to serve there God), adventure and fighting, an opportunity to gain new lands and riches and possibly a title
What factors motivated Europeans to participate in the Crusades?
Patriarch
title of the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Schism
a split or division, in this case it refers to a split between the 2 major Christian religions of the time, the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Infidels
unbelievers, if you were Christian the Muslims were ____, if you were Muslin then Christians were infidels.
Saladin
leader of the Muslims that captured Jerusalem away from the Europeans, eventually he and Richard I negotiated a treaty that allowed Christian pilgrims to journey to the Holy Land.
Pope Urban II
the pope that called for a Holy Crusade to capture the holy land away from Muslims.
Mayor of the palace
Who ran the kingdom?
Do nothing kings
The time of the "_ _ _
The King now became the strongest political authority
Why do historians consider the Battle of Hastings a turning point in history?
All nobles had to swear an oath of loyalty to the king, freeman had to register at 18/train 2 weeks a year for the military and answer the kings call, gave the king his own army and he did not have to depend on the nobles to supply him with soldiers
How did William of Normandy gain all the power?
A census of property allowed him to see who was cheating on taxes, he got more money, more money means he spent it on a better army
What allowed William of Normandy to gain power - (military)?
1215
Magna Carta date?
Clovis, Charles Martel, Pepin, Charlemagne, William the Conquerer, Henry II, Richard I, John, St. Benedict, Saladin, Thomas a' Beckett
Rank order of people: (Charles Martel, Charlemagne, Clovis, Pepin, Henry II, John, St. Benedict, William the conquerer, Richard I, Thomas a' Beckett, Saladin
Sumeria/Egypt, Greece, Rome, Middle Ages, Early dark ages, late ages
Rank order for ancient places: Greece, Rome, Late ages, Egypt, Early-dark ages, middle ages
Roman Catholic Italy
Christian religion is from
Clovis
Allows missionaries into land of Franks - who does this?
Land, peasants
Conquering warriors gives __ and ___ to best fighters
Freedom, protection
Peasants give up their ____ in exchange for _____
Serfs
Who was "bound to the land"? They could runaway for a year and a day, and they were free. Lived in small homes. Houses made with waddle and daub/thatch roof
Freemen
Come and go as they wanted. Rent land/paid for it - who is this?
Serfs to Lord
Provide labor, give % of income
Lord to Serfs
Give land, shelter, provide protection, not enough crops - have to buy food
Barter
Another word for trade
50%
% of mortality for children
King, greater nobility, lesser nobility
Nobility peoples:
Greater nobility
Who owned estates?
Lesser nobility
Who managed an estate for the greater nobility? Got money from taxes, owned estate, pay greater noble a % of taxes
Lesser nobility
Warriors are in the ____ category?
Dowry
Land/property given by the brides family(father) the the husband
Small amount of land, pig/cow(animal)
What did peasants get for a dowry?
King, land owning nobles, vassals
____ -> ____ -> ___ -> (Order: land owning nobles, vassals, king)
Estate, support during war
Large landowners to vassals (what did the land owners give to vassals)
Service, tax payment
What did vassals give to large landowners?
Protection, food
What did vassals give to peasants?
Service, labor, % of crops
What did peasants give to vassals?
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
WASP
Celts
People in England/United Kingdom were__
Dominate
Anglo-Saxons ____ Celts
His short hair
Why is Pepin nicknamed 'Pepin the Short'
Charles the Great
Nickname for Charlemagne
Defeated muslims, gave church land, can pope make kings
How did Pepin become king?
His tall height
What helped Charlemagne with power?
Expanded territory, roman art and architecture in his system, strong supporter of catholic church, built churches
What made Charlemagne a good ruler?
A cathedral
What was built like a cross looking over head?
Treaty of Verdun
Divides Charlemagne's empire into 3 parts
Centuries of warfare between France and Germany
What was an effect of the Treaty of Verdun?
2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6
(1)william of normandy claims the throne/claims the king promised him the throne, (2)king of england dies, (3)english nobles choose king harold, (4)battle of hastings , (5) William invades england in 1066, (6) William becomes william I of england (Put in
William of normandy, tower, london
Who built the __ of ___?
royal court and local noble
Henry combines what two courts?
Grand jury
Decides if you should be charged with a crime.
Circuit court judges
Trained in the law, served several towns
Indictment
Formal criminal charge
Girl raped and murdered by priest, beckett wants noble punished, henry II refuses, beckett excommunicates, henry be rid of priest, 3 people sliced becketts head
Why is Beckett murdered?
Pray all night on stone floor, be whipped, apologize to the people/church
Three things Henry II had to do after Becketts death
Richard I, John
Henry II sons are
lead a crusade, war in france (100 year war)
What does Richard do?
Absolute power, tax to build navy, spends on self, prince before he becomes king after richard's death
What does John do?
Decrease kings power, increase nobles power
Purpose of Magna Carter
Childrens crusade
Starts in germany. black death left a lot of orphans. most lived with family or family friends. Go to venice - demand that ships take them to the holy land, slavery/no success, greed
Had a good intention to regain holy land, attacked any jews/christians/muslims, greed, people take good ideal and twist to their advantage, when lord left estate wife ran it better
Lessons of the crusades