Renaissance
a period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world.
Humanism
a Renaissance intel-
lectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.
secular
concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters.
patron
a person who supports artists, especially financially.
perspective
an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.
Utopia
an imaginary land described by Thomas More in his book Utopia�hence, an ideal place.
Erasmus
believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies or rules. He thought that in order to improve society, all people should study the Bible.
Sir Thomas Moore
Author of Utopia
indulgence
a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin.
Reformation
a 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority.
Lutheran
a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.
Protestant
a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation.
Peace of Ausburg
a 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.
annul
to cancel or set aside.
Anglican
relating to the Church of England.
predestination
the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved.
Calvinism
body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.
theocracy
a government controlled by religious leaders.
Anabaptist
in the Reformation, a member of a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state.
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
Council of Trent
a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.
Catholic Reformation
a 16th-century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Presbyterian
a member of a Protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox.