Solid
has a Definite shape and volume; particles are densely packed together and only vibrate
crystalline and amorphous
2 types of solids
crystalline solid
includes sugar and salt; when heated it melts
Amorphous solids
includes plastics and rubber; When heated, does not melt to a specific temp.
liquids
have a Definite volume, no definite shape; particles are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another
fluid
A substance that flows
surface tension and viscosity
2 properties of liquids
surface tension
the molecules on the liquid's surface are closer together
viscosity
A liquid's resistance to flowing
gas
can change volume very easily; the atoms and molecules are free to move independently and collide frequently
melting
change from a solid to a liquid
melts
when a substance __________, the particles in a solid vibrate so fast that they break free from their fixed positions
Freezing
Change from liquid to solid
freezes
When a substance _______, the particles in a liquid move so slowly that they begin to take a fixed positions
Vaporization
The change of state from a liquid to a gas
vaporization
_________ takes place when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move independently, forming a gas
evaporation and boiling
2 types of vaporization
Evaporation
vaporization that takes place only on the surface of a liquid
boiling
when a liquid changes to a gas below its surface as well as at the surface
Condensation
the change in state from a gas to a liquid
Condensation
During ____________, the particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid
sublimation
solid to gas
sublimation
__________ occurs when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy to form a gas
volume, temp., and pressure
when working with a gas, it is helpful to know its _______, ________, ___________
the force of its outward push divided by the area of the walls of the container
What is the formula for the pressure of a gas?
Charle's law
When the temp of a gas at constant pressure is increased, its volume increases. When the temperature of a gas at constant pressure is decreased, its volume decreases.
Boyle's Law
When the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is increased, the volume of the gas decreases. When the pressure is decreased, the volume increases.