service economies
These are post-industrial economies where the primary economic activity is the provision of services rather than the production of goods.
terrorism
The use or threatened use of force or violence, often indiscriminate, against individuals or property in an attempt to coerce or intimidate governments or societies in order to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives.
ayatollah
The title of the Shiite religious leader in Iran.
great depression
The term used for the international economic crisis following WWI that effected North America, Europe, and other industrialized areas of the world beginning in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experience
apartheid
The term refers to the system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s.
guided democracy- sukarno
The term refers to a democratic government that functions as a de facto autocracy. Such governments are legitimized by elections that are free and fair but do not change the state's policies, motives, and goals. The government controls elections so that t
import substitution industrialization
The term refers to a sudden period of industrial growth that takes place in a nation after being cut off from supplies of traditional imports.
evangelical
The term for the worldwide, trans denominational movement within Protestant Christianity that holds to the inspiration, inerrancy, and authority of scripture, the Trinity, the deity of Christ, and salvation by grace through faith alone. Many believe in th
welfare state
The term for the system whereby the government assumes responsibility to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for this in the US
final solution of the jewish question/ final solution
The term for the official Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews. Introduced by Heinrich Himmler and administered by Adolf Eichmann, the policy resulted in the murder of 6 million Jews in concentration camps between 1941 and 1945.
containment
The term for the Cold War foreign policy of the United States and its allies with its stated goal of preventing the spread of communism.
strategic bombing
The term for sustained aerial bombing campaigns that targeted railways, harbors, cities, civilian centers, and industrial districts in enemy territory during World War II. The goal was to destroy the enemies will and capability to sustain a fight. The des
consumerism
The term for social and economic behavior (driven in part by advertising) that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts; consumption purely for the sake of consumption and not tied to need or value.
perestroika
The term for Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of economic restructuring in the U.S.S.R. in the late 1980s. The term literally means "reconstruction" or "rebuilding." Gorbachev was attempting to move the Soviet Union away from centralized state control of the ec
gulags
The term for forced labor camps established during Joseph Stalin's long reign as dictator of the Soviet Union. "Enemies of the State," real or perceived, were often sent to these camps; the harsh conditions and forced physical labor often translated into
cartels (drug)
The term for any criminal organization with the intention of supplying drug trafficking operations. They range from loosely managed agreements among various drug traffickers to formalized commercial enterprises. Typically associated with Latin American co
embargo
The term for an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country designed to pressure that country to take or stop a particular policy or action.
collective security
The term for a security arrangement in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and therefore commits to a collective response to threats to, and breaches to peace. It is a key principle of the United Nations.
communism
The term for a political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society in which the major means of production, such as mines and factories, are owned and controlled by the government (theoretically held in trust for the public as a whole).
guest workers
The term for a person, usually from a less developed country, with temporary permission to work in another more developed country; the person has no rights of citizenship/permanent residency. They are often viewed as a threat to citizens competing for job
kulaks
The term for a peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labor. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century as a group they resisted Stalin's forced collectivization, but millions were arrested, exiled, or killed. Their succ
genocide
The systematic and planned murder of an entire national, racial, religious, or ethnic group.
brezhnev doctrine
The Soviet foreign policy announcement made in 1968 which called for Warsaw Pact/Soviet military intervention in any Eastern Bloc nation where communist rule and/or Soviet domination was threatened. It was named for the Soviet leader who issued it.
decolonization
The process by which nations/people pushed to be free of colonial control; this process was particularly active in Asia and Africa after World War II. The process often ended in mixed results with internal disputes and civil war between factions that coul
good neighbor policy
The policy of President Franklin Roosevelt designed to improve relations with the nations of Central and South America. Issued in 1933, it clearly stated that U.S. foreign policy was opposed to armed intervention in Latin America.
appeasement
The policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace; most often associated with the Munich Conference of 1938 (British Prime Minister Chamberlain's efforts to appease Hitler)
powder keg of europe
The phrase that refers to the Balkans region in context of it being stage from which World War I begins.
october revolution
The phase of the Russian Revolution in 1917 (an armed insurrection against the provisional government) that brought the Bolsheviks/Communist Party led by Lenin to power. It established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (later Union of Sovie
non-proliferation treaty
The objective of this international treaty (1968) is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving complete nuclear disarmament.
star wars
The nickname for Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) - a sophisticated (partially space-based) anti-ballistic missile system designed to protect the U.S. from missile attacks.