400
First record of Native American settlement in Texas.
1519
Spain begins exploration of Texas.
1810
Mexico gains independence from Spain (gained in 1821).
1822
� Moses Austin secures empresarial grant;
� "Old Three Hundred" Americans settle Texas.
1830
Mexico forbids the entry of further U.S. Settlers into Texas.
1835
� Texas Revolution begins at the Battle of Gonzales;
� the Republic of Texas is established.
1836
� Texans are defeated by the Mexican army at the Battle of the Alamo.
� Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
� Texas gains independence.
1845
Texas annexation to the United States.
1846
The Mexican-American War is fought over claims to the southern boundary of Texas.
1861-1865
American Civil War - leads Texas to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America.
1865
African American slaves in Texas are emancipated on Juneteenth (June 19th).
1866
The United States government passes an ordinance to nullify the actions of the Confederate States secession on March 15th, followed by a proclamation of peace between the U.S. and Texas on August 20, 1866.
1876
Texas Constitution is adopted.
1894
Oil is discovered in Corsicana, Texas.
1924
Ma Ferguson is elected as the first female governor of Texas.
1950
The Supreme Court orders the desegregation of University of Texas Law School in Sweatt v. Painter.
1962
The Manned Spacecraft Center opens in Houston.
The Kingdom of Spain
(1519 - 1685, 1690 - 1821)
The Kingdom of France
(1685 - 1690)
The Mexican Federal Republic
(1821 - 1836)
The Republic of Texas
(1836 - 1845)
The Confederate States of America
(1861 - 1865)
The United States of America
(1845 - 1861) and (1865 - present)
Stephen F. Austin
- Early settler.
- The "Father of Texas."
- Served as Secretary of State for the Republic of Texas.
- Persuasive public speaker.
Sam Houston
- President of the Republic of Texas.
- Served as a Senator and Governor of Texas.
- Strong military leader, demonstrated perseverance throughout his life.
Ann Richards
- Female Governor of Texas.
- Dogged on issues.
Aztec Native Americans
(1428 - 1521)
Central Mexico
TRIBES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
- Connected by roads.
- Informal empire.
- Ruled itself.
- Paid tribute to Tenochtitlan pyramid, which is now Mexico City.
- Cultivated maize (corn).
Mayan Native Americans
(2000 BCE - 1000 BCE)
Southern Mexico and Guatemala
TRIBES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
- Agriculture and city-centered.
- Traded with other Mesoamerican civilizations.
- Pyramids for religious ceremonies.
- Advanced writing system.
- Mathematics.
Inca Native Americans
(1438 - when Pizarro conquered empire in 1533)
Pacific coast of South America. Cuzo was capital.
TRIBES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
� The largest tribe.
- Agriculture.
- Trade.
- Architecture.
- Government.
- Mathematics.
- Built roads.
- Region based on nature.
- Believed in reincarnation.
Iroquois Confederacy/Iroquois League
(Around 1722)
Originally in upstate New York. Eventually, all of the Northeastern US and Eastern Canada.
TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA - NORTHEAST
- Horticulture.
- Hunting and gathering.
- Expanded territory through war and conquest.
- Expanded tribes by war and conquest.
- Most powerful natives in Northeast. - - Kidnapped young men, women and children and raised as Iroquois.
Mohican Native Americans
(Around 1500s)
Above Hudson River
TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA - NORTHEAST
- Agriculture.
- hunting and gathering.
- Composed of five tribes in 40 villages.
- Lived in longhouses.
Cherokee Native Americans
(1450 - First Cherokee village)
Southeastern US
TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA - SOUTHEAST
- Agriculture.
- Hunting and gathering.
- No central government.
- Lived in villages or homesteads.
Hopi Native Americans
(Possibly migrated from Mexico in 500 BCE)
Northeastern Arizona
TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA - SOUTHWEST
- Agriculture, mostly corn.
- Peaceful people.
- Kept tribes intact on reservations or villages called "pueblos.
Pre-Columbian
**
"the time before Christopher Columbus discovery in 1492."
**
The cultures of the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans.
Pre-Columbian Cultures
The cultures of the Americas before European settlement. Usually includes indigenous cultures as they continued to develop centuries or decades after Columbus' discovery.
Olmec civilization: 1st Mesoamerican civilization; invented the long-count calendar,
Comanche
North and central Texas (panhandle to modern day Abilene and even going as far south as Austin).
- Nomadic hunters and gatherers.
- Lived in Teepees.
- Fierce warriors.
- Skilled traders.
- Used horses.
Caddo
Eastern Texas and parts of Arkansas and Louisiana.
- Farmers
- Hunted buffalo
- Lived in permanent homes made of wood frames and mud walls.
Coahuiltecan
Southern Texas (modern day San Antonio to Brownsville to Corpus Christi).
- Nomadic hunters and gatherers.
- Lived in small huts made of reeds.
- Not a single tribe, but an accumulation of separate tribes.
- Shared common language or cultural characteristics.
Tonkawas
Gulf Region
- Hunters and gatherers.
- Lived in huts and teepees.
- Enemies with the Comanche.
Karankawa
Central and Gulf
- Unknown, but likely hunters and gatherers specialized in fishing.
- Unknown living.
- First Native Americans to come into contact with Europeans, and thus the first to suffer.
...
Christopher Columbus
��� Spanish Exploration ���
� Italian explorer.
� Discovered the Americas in 1492, while searching for a faster route to India.
� Believed "the Earth was round.
The Spanish Exploration of the New World
��� Spanish Exploration ���
***
The Spanish colonization of the New World led to domination and subjugation of most modern-day Central and South America.
***
3 Goals:
� God.
� Gold.
� Glory.
(a.k.a. "Spanish Conquistadors") destroyed and plundered the empires of Mesoam�rica by saili
Mesoamerica
��� Spanish Exploration ���
Middle America" the region extending from central Mexico through parts of Central America prior to Spanish exploration.
Ferdinand Magellan
��� Spanish Exploration ���
- Found a route to the East Indies in 1521.
- First to circumnavigate the globe.
Conquistadors
Spanish explorers who searched for and found expansive amounts of gold in the New World.
Northwest Passage
(During the French Exploration)
A water route from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean, that would've facilitated trade with Asia. The Panam� canal would connect these oceans in Central America.
� Began in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; to explore the waterways in search of a route to the Pacific.
English Exploration
To find Northwest Passage, discover gold and silver, increased wealth and power.
In 1588, the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada in an unexpected victory.
- Led by Sir Francis Drake.
- Established England as the premier of European naval power.
- En
Spanish Armada
Defeated by the English Navy led by Sir Francis Drake in 1588; established England as the leading European naval power.
Dutch Exploration
Main purpose: The increase of wealth through trade.
- Established colonies in the Caribbean Sea and New Amsterdam in modern-day Manhattan, NY.
- Established a strong naval presence to protect their trade: sugar, spices and slaves.
- The Dutch quickly developed a massive trading empire, a powerful navy and
New Amsterdam
The most diverse colony which was a Dutch settlement on the southern tip of Manhattan Island (New York).
The Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the Americas after Christopher Columbus' arrival.
- Created new economic opportunities for Europeans.
- Facilitated European slavery.
- Destruction of indigenous people (smallpox).
-
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.
- during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
� American colonies were founded for bus
Salutary Neglect
Parliamentary laws that are not strictly enforced.
Triangular Trade
A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Europe, and Africa.
- Europeans traveled to Africa to trade manufactured goods, and rum for slaves.
- Slaves were sent to the Americas to work in the plantations; they grew cash crops of s
European Exploration
The Spanish exploration of the New World had three main goals: God, Glory, and Gold.
Conquistadors sailed to the New World to claim territory in the name of Spain, cleared the way for missionaries, and amassed vast amounts of gold and silver.
- The Southw
Three primary conquistadors who explored the region of what is now Texas
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda:
- A Spanish explorer.
- Mapped the coast of Texas as well as surrounding coastlines in 1519.
- His maps are the first records of Texas history.
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca:
- First European explorer to search the lands of Texas, a
Encomiendas
grants from the crown giving the receivers the right to extract as much wealth for themselves from a specific area as possible, either through native labor or through the payment of tributes.
Alcaldes
The head of a town in the Spanish territory in the New World.
Acequias
Shared waterways to irrigate agriculture (fields) in Spanish territories of the New World.
Presidios
Fortified bases built by the Spanish in the New World. They were used to keep out hostile Natives, settlers from other countries, and pirates.
First Permanent Colony
- Fort St. Louis; 1st permanent colony in Texas, was founded in 1685 by French explorer Sieur de la Salle, who established a French claim to east Texas lands.
- Abandoned in 1688.
- Spurred Spanish exploration and colonization of Texas to solidify land cl
Sieur de La Salle
A French explorer who founded the first permanent colony in Texas, Fort St. Louis, in 1685.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
A conquistadore who searched for the mythical "Seven Cities of Gold" in 1540. Expedition failed but did pave the way for future European influence in Texas lands.
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda
A Spanish explorer who, in 1519, mapped the coast of Texas as well as surrounding coastlines.
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
A Spanish explorer who searched the southwest territory of what is now the US, in a search for the Seven Cities of Gold.
Olmec
The first Meso-American civilization.
Toltec
A civilization known for skill in metal work and pottery.
Jacques Cartier
A French explorer who was the first to search for a water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Teotihuac�n
A civilization known for pyramids, temples and roads.