Monroe Doctrine of 1823
first developed to prevent European powers from reasserting themselves in the region once countries achieved independence
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
It set the United States' role as a police power in Central and South America
Hoover Goodwill tour
embarked upon by Herbert Hoover following the 1928 election to improve the relationship between the US and Latin American countries
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
US law enacted in June 1930 that raised import duties on over 20,000 goods to protect US agriculture and industry from the effects of the Great Depression
Roosevelt Inaugural Address
FDR made it clear he wanted to the US to be a good neighbour and improve relations with Latin America
Good Neighbour Policy
the US would not intervene militarily in the affairs of other states in the Americas; became operational in 1933, resulted in the US withdrawing marines from Haiti and Nicaragua and abrogating the Platt Amendment in Cuba
Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States
asserted the sovereignty of 19 countries in the Americas in 1934
1936 Buenos Aires Conference
U.S. explicitly stated here that force would not be used for the protection of property or citizens abroad
Export-Import Bank
created to facilitate commerical loans to companies that imported goods from the USA
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
allowed the government to negotiate bilateral agreements that would reduce tariffs
August 1939
Cuba, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua had fallen to dictators and regimes in Argentina and Brazil still stood
Lytton Commission
League of Nations response/investigation to/into the causes of the explosion on the Japanese-controlled railway in Southern Manchuria to determine if it was Japan's fault
General Frank McCoy
appointed by the US to serve on the Lytton Commission
1935 Neutrality Acts
Specified that the US would not sell arms or war materials with any country involved in war, first invoked with the Italian invasion of Ethiopia
Texas Oil Company
(Texaco), overtly supplied gas on credit to Francisco Franco & the nationalists in Spain
Spanish Civil War
(1936-1939) Mexico was the only country in the Americas to participate actively in the Spanish Civil War. the C�rdenas government supported the Republicans, at least in morale. Most Latin American countries and Puerto Rico were sympathetic with the nation
Guomindang
(GMD) Roosevelt was sympathetic to this government in China and did not want to limit its ability to purchase US arms
Munich conference
September 1938, hailed as a success for appeasement and war was avoided over Czechoslovakia
anti-Axis
Most of the states in the Americas were even if neutrality was maintained. Canada was the exception and shortly declared war against Germany
Cash and carry
allowed the sale of arms to belligerent countries as long as the recipients arranged the transportation themselves and paid cash for the armaments
Phoney War
dead zone in the winter of 1989-40 where activity was so limited that US journalists referred to the war as this
April 1940
Germany took Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, & attacked France
Vichy France
After the French defeated, France was divided and the south and east became a collaborationist government with a capital in Vichy while the northern and coastal region was occupied territory
Revenue Act of 1940
raised the debt ceiling to $4 billion
Select Service Act
began the first peacetime draft in US history
Lend Lease Aid
developed to address British needs, US would lend or lease equipment to the British in their fight against the Germans. Approved by Congress in 1941 and $7 billion was allocated to begin the program
Hyde Park Declaration
signed by Mackenzie King and Roosevelt, allowed US war materials that were made in Canada to be included in the Lend Lease Aid
Pan-American Union
An organisation of American republics dedicated to peace and understanding founded in 1890, stated that Dutch and French colonial possessions in the region would not be recognised
Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA)
created by Roosevelt in 1940 to further promote hemispheric solidarity and prevent/end Axis espionage in the region by emphasising inter-American relations; strong cultural implications
Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI)
established by Argentina and Brazil to absorb some of the losses from European trade with Latin America, economic aspect of the war
Atlantic Charter
Anglo-American statement of eight global principles agreed upon by Churchill and Roosevelt, "destruction of Nazi tyranny
Japanese-American Commercial Treaty
renounced by the US in 1911 as a reaction to Japanese aggression
Chiang Kai-shek
the US supported his nationalist government
Attack on Pearl Harbor
7 Dec. 1941; 19 ships were sunk or damaged, including all 8 battleships, 188 airplanes were destroyed and 2471 people were murdered, followed by attacks on Guam, Midway Island, and the Philippines, US declared war the next day
Tripartite Pact
Italy, Germany, & Japan
Latin American aftermath
After the US declared war, all 9 independent Central American and Caribbean nations declared war and Colombia, Venezuela, and Mexico severed ties with the Axis.
Brazil in WWII
Declared war on August 22, 1941
Participated in the Battle of the Atlantic
developed an expeditionary force
sent ground troops to Italy
sent over 25,000 Brazilians to Europe
Chile in WWII
in the middle of presidential elections and didn't want to alienate German population, Santiago became an important espionage point, eventually deported 3 German nationals from Chile in 1942, declared war in February 1945 when it became clear the Allies w
Argentina in WWII
pro-Axis, suffered a military coup in 1943 after the death of Ram�n Castillo and after economic necessities prevailed, the leader realized they needed to re-establish ties with the US and declared war in March 1945 against the Axis
Juan P�ron
political astute pragmatic general in charge of Argentina during their declaration of war
Branches of the military
Women's Army Corps (WACs), US Naval Women's Reserve (WAVES), Women's Air Force Service Pilots (WASPs), and Women's Coast Guard Reserve
Jobs
air traffic controllers, clerical support, teletype operators, communications experts, flight instructors, test pilots
57%
Labour force increase by women
Lanham Act
provided federal aid to communities that absorbed large war-related populations and childcare centres
Inequality
Many women were dissatisfied with the inequality they faced when men returned home from the war and took their jobs back