The Second World War and the Americas (1933-1945) (Paper 3)

Monroe Doctrine of 1823

first developed to prevent European powers from reasserting themselves in the region once countries achieved independence

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

It set the United States' role as a police power in Central and South America

Hoover Goodwill tour

embarked upon by Herbert Hoover following the 1928 election to improve the relationship between the US and Latin American countries

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

US law enacted in June 1930 that raised import duties on over 20,000 goods to protect US agriculture and industry from the effects of the Great Depression

Roosevelt Inaugural Address

FDR made it clear he wanted to the US to be a good neighbour and improve relations with Latin America

Good Neighbour Policy

the US would not intervene militarily in the affairs of other states in the Americas; became operational in 1933, resulted in the US withdrawing marines from Haiti and Nicaragua and abrogating the Platt Amendment in Cuba

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States

asserted the sovereignty of 19 countries in the Americas in 1934

1936 Buenos Aires Conference

U.S. explicitly stated here that force would not be used for the protection of property or citizens abroad

Export-Import Bank

created to facilitate commerical loans to companies that imported goods from the USA

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

allowed the government to negotiate bilateral agreements that would reduce tariffs

August 1939

Cuba, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua had fallen to dictators and regimes in Argentina and Brazil still stood

Lytton Commission

League of Nations response/investigation to/into the causes of the explosion on the Japanese-controlled railway in Southern Manchuria to determine if it was Japan's fault

General Frank McCoy

appointed by the US to serve on the Lytton Commission

1935 Neutrality Acts

Specified that the US would not sell arms or war materials with any country involved in war, first invoked with the Italian invasion of Ethiopia

Texas Oil Company

(Texaco), overtly supplied gas on credit to Francisco Franco & the nationalists in Spain

Spanish Civil War

(1936-1939) Mexico was the only country in the Americas to participate actively in the Spanish Civil War. the C�rdenas government supported the Republicans, at least in morale. Most Latin American countries and Puerto Rico were sympathetic with the nation

Guomindang

(GMD) Roosevelt was sympathetic to this government in China and did not want to limit its ability to purchase US arms

Munich conference

September 1938, hailed as a success for appeasement and war was avoided over Czechoslovakia

anti-Axis

Most of the states in the Americas were even if neutrality was maintained. Canada was the exception and shortly declared war against Germany

Cash and carry

allowed the sale of arms to belligerent countries as long as the recipients arranged the transportation themselves and paid cash for the armaments

Phoney War

dead zone in the winter of 1989-40 where activity was so limited that US journalists referred to the war as this

April 1940

Germany took Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, & attacked France

Vichy France

After the French defeated, France was divided and the south and east became a collaborationist government with a capital in Vichy while the northern and coastal region was occupied territory

Revenue Act of 1940

raised the debt ceiling to $4 billion

Select Service Act

began the first peacetime draft in US history

Lend Lease Aid

developed to address British needs, US would lend or lease equipment to the British in their fight against the Germans. Approved by Congress in 1941 and $7 billion was allocated to begin the program

Hyde Park Declaration

signed by Mackenzie King and Roosevelt, allowed US war materials that were made in Canada to be included in the Lend Lease Aid

Pan-American Union

An organisation of American republics dedicated to peace and understanding founded in 1890, stated that Dutch and French colonial possessions in the region would not be recognised

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA)

created by Roosevelt in 1940 to further promote hemispheric solidarity and prevent/end Axis espionage in the region by emphasising inter-American relations; strong cultural implications

Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI)

established by Argentina and Brazil to absorb some of the losses from European trade with Latin America, economic aspect of the war

Atlantic Charter

Anglo-American statement of eight global principles agreed upon by Churchill and Roosevelt, "destruction of Nazi tyranny

Japanese-American Commercial Treaty

renounced by the US in 1911 as a reaction to Japanese aggression

Chiang Kai-shek

the US supported his nationalist government

Attack on Pearl Harbor

7 Dec. 1941; 19 ships were sunk or damaged, including all 8 battleships, 188 airplanes were destroyed and 2471 people were murdered, followed by attacks on Guam, Midway Island, and the Philippines, US declared war the next day

Tripartite Pact

Italy, Germany, & Japan

Latin American aftermath

After the US declared war, all 9 independent Central American and Caribbean nations declared war and Colombia, Venezuela, and Mexico severed ties with the Axis.

Brazil in WWII

Declared war on August 22, 1941
Participated in the Battle of the Atlantic
developed an expeditionary force
sent ground troops to Italy
sent over 25,000 Brazilians to Europe

Chile in WWII

in the middle of presidential elections and didn't want to alienate German population, Santiago became an important espionage point, eventually deported 3 German nationals from Chile in 1942, declared war in February 1945 when it became clear the Allies w

Argentina in WWII

pro-Axis, suffered a military coup in 1943 after the death of Ram�n Castillo and after economic necessities prevailed, the leader realized they needed to re-establish ties with the US and declared war in March 1945 against the Axis

Juan P�ron

political astute pragmatic general in charge of Argentina during their declaration of war

Branches of the military

Women's Army Corps (WACs), US Naval Women's Reserve (WAVES), Women's Air Force Service Pilots (WASPs), and Women's Coast Guard Reserve

Jobs

air traffic controllers, clerical support, teletype operators, communications experts, flight instructors, test pilots

57%

Labour force increase by women

Lanham Act

provided federal aid to communities that absorbed large war-related populations and childcare centres

Inequality

Many women were dissatisfied with the inequality they faced when men returned home from the war and took their jobs back