Plants and Humans Exam 4

Equation for Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6+O2------>CO2+H20+ATP
Breakdown of glucose to obtain stored energy

Know the Main stages of Cellular Respiration

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Glycolysis

Breakdown of a 6-C glucose into a 23-C Pyruvate Molecule
Occurs in Cytosol (outside the mitochondrion)
Can occur with or without Oxygen
Results in a yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH

The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

2 Pyruvates enter the mitochondrion
Metabolic Cycle
1. Certain molecules enter while others leave
2. Organic Molecules regenerated with each cycle
Releases 2ATP, 6NADH, and 2FADH2, for each glucose

Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative phosphorylation)

Where most ATP is formed
High energy electrons donated from NADH and FADH2
1. Passed down ETC to a final oxygen acceptor
2. Generates gradient to make ATP
Enough energy to make 30-40 ATP
1. This is why Oxygen is important for life

Fermentation (Anaerobic respiration; without oxygen)

Many organisms can only use O2 as final electron acceptor
Make ATP via glycolysis only
Muscle Cells produce lactate as byproduct
Yeast make ethanol as byproduct
Produces far less ATP

Where does cellular respiration begin and end

Mitochondria

Know the general differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic uses oxygen and anaerobic does not
Aerobic produces more ATP than anaerobic

Define Allele and know the 2 types

Allele- different form of a gene at a given location
Homozygous alleles- BB or bb
Heterozygous- Bb

Know the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes

Homozygous Dominant- 2 dominant alleles for a given trait
BB
Homozygous Recessive- 2 recessive alleles for a given trait bb
Heterozygous- 2 different forms of an allele for a given trait Bb

Who was Gregor Mendel and what did he do for science

Entered a monastery and became a priest
Historic studies on pea plants
Conducted plant breeding from 1856-1864
Work published in 1866, but not appreciated until 1900, 16 years after his death

Define genotype and phenotype

Genotype- the actual alleles present at a given gene locus
Phenotype- The observable trait produced by the genotype

Hereditary effects of sex-linked genes

Sex linked genes are found on one sex chromosome and not the other
In humans, the X chromosome is larger and carries genes than the Y
Hemophilia A is caused by a recessive X linked gene and encodes defective clotting proteins.

Define Biological Evolution

Biological Evolution- Heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population from generation to generation

Who was Charles Darwin and what did he contribute to science

British naturalist born in 1809
Theory shaped by several different fields of study
Geology
Economics
Voyage of the Beagle- studied finches and saw similarities in species yet notified differences that provided them with specialized feeding strategies

How does Natural Selection Work?

More offspring produced than can survive, competition for limited resources individual with better traits flourish and reproduce- adaptation

What is Biodiversity

It is examined at 3 levels
Genetic Diversity- amount of genetic variation within and between populations
Species Diversity- number/ abundance of species in a community
Ecosystem Diversity- diversity of structure and function within an ecosystem

Causes of extinction

Growth of Human population
Introduces species: species moved by humans from native location to another, invasive species out compete native species for space and resources
Direct exploitation: passenger pigeon and Carolina parakeet hunted to extinction in