Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6+O2------>CO2+H20+ATP
Breakdown of glucose to obtain stored energy
Know the Main stages of Cellular Respiration
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Glycolysis
Breakdown of a 6-C glucose into a 23-C Pyruvate Molecule
Occurs in Cytosol (outside the mitochondrion)
Can occur with or without Oxygen
Results in a yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
2 Pyruvates enter the mitochondrion
Metabolic Cycle
1. Certain molecules enter while others leave
2. Organic Molecules regenerated with each cycle
Releases 2ATP, 6NADH, and 2FADH2, for each glucose
Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative phosphorylation)
Where most ATP is formed
High energy electrons donated from NADH and FADH2
1. Passed down ETC to a final oxygen acceptor
2. Generates gradient to make ATP
Enough energy to make 30-40 ATP
1. This is why Oxygen is important for life
Fermentation (Anaerobic respiration; without oxygen)
Many organisms can only use O2 as final electron acceptor
Make ATP via glycolysis only
Muscle Cells produce lactate as byproduct
Yeast make ethanol as byproduct
Produces far less ATP
Where does cellular respiration begin and end
Mitochondria
Know the general differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic uses oxygen and anaerobic does not
Aerobic produces more ATP than anaerobic
Define Allele and know the 2 types
Allele- different form of a gene at a given location
Homozygous alleles- BB or bb
Heterozygous- Bb
Know the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes
Homozygous Dominant- 2 dominant alleles for a given trait
BB
Homozygous Recessive- 2 recessive alleles for a given trait bb
Heterozygous- 2 different forms of an allele for a given trait Bb
Who was Gregor Mendel and what did he do for science
Entered a monastery and became a priest
Historic studies on pea plants
Conducted plant breeding from 1856-1864
Work published in 1866, but not appreciated until 1900, 16 years after his death
Define genotype and phenotype
Genotype- the actual alleles present at a given gene locus
Phenotype- The observable trait produced by the genotype
Hereditary effects of sex-linked genes
Sex linked genes are found on one sex chromosome and not the other
In humans, the X chromosome is larger and carries genes than the Y
Hemophilia A is caused by a recessive X linked gene and encodes defective clotting proteins.
Define Biological Evolution
Biological Evolution- Heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population from generation to generation
Who was Charles Darwin and what did he contribute to science
British naturalist born in 1809
Theory shaped by several different fields of study
Geology
Economics
Voyage of the Beagle- studied finches and saw similarities in species yet notified differences that provided them with specialized feeding strategies
How does Natural Selection Work?
More offspring produced than can survive, competition for limited resources individual with better traits flourish and reproduce- adaptation
What is Biodiversity
It is examined at 3 levels
Genetic Diversity- amount of genetic variation within and between populations
Species Diversity- number/ abundance of species in a community
Ecosystem Diversity- diversity of structure and function within an ecosystem
Causes of extinction
Growth of Human population
Introduces species: species moved by humans from native location to another, invasive species out compete native species for space and resources
Direct exploitation: passenger pigeon and Carolina parakeet hunted to extinction in