Chapter 25

Do�a Marina was
a. the first viceroy of the Spanish colonies in the Americas.
b. the leading Spanish banker who funded exploration.
c. the Portuguese explorer who first sighted Australia.
d. a Mexican woman who aided Cort�s in his conquest of the Aztecs.

d. a Mexican woman who aided Cort�s in his conquest of the Aztecs.

The term "mestizo" refers to
a. the coins that were used in the Aztec empire.
b. an individual of indigenous and European parentage.
c. the Spanish plantations on which millions of Central and South Americans were enslaved.
d. the Aztec term for the myste

b. an individual of indigenous and European parentage

The most important factor in explaining the Spanish victory over the Aztecs and Incas was
a. the overwhelming Spanish superiority in guns and cannons.
b. the devastating loss of life caused by European-borne diseases.
c. the Spanish strength in numbers.
d

b. the devastating loss of life caused by European-borne diseases. SMALLPOX

The first people of the Americas to come into contact with the Spanish were the
a. Maya.
b. Aztecs.
c. Inca.
d. Ta�nos.
e. Chimu.

d. Ta�nos.

Christopher Columbus's first plan was
a. to build trading posts where merchants could trade with the local population.
b. to plunder the legendary wealth of the Aztecs.
c. to form an alliance with the Aztecs against the Inca.
d. to form an alliance with t

a. to build trading posts where merchants could trade with the local population.

The encomenderos were
a. Aztec priests who viewed the Spanish as visiting gods.
b. Spanish settlers.
c. the first society of the Americas to come into contact with the Spanish.
d. the Spanish administrative officials who ruled over the colonies and report

b. Spanish settlers.

The population of the Caribbean went from about 4 million in 1492 to _______ in the 1540s.
a. 8 million
b. 5 million
c. 4 million
d. 2 million
e. a few thousand

e. a few thousand

Hern�n Cort�s was responsible for the conquest of the
a. Ta�nos.
b. Chimu.
c. Inca.
d. Aztecs.
e. Moche.

d. Aztecs.

The last emperor of the Aztec empire was
a. Atahualpa.
b. Motecuzoma II.
c. Itzcoatl.
d. Topa.
e. Motecuzoma I.

b. Motecuzoma II.

The conquistador who conquered the Inca was
a. Balboa.
b. Cortes.
c. Cabral.
d. Magellan.
e. Pizarro.

e. Pizarro.

The last emperor of the Inca empire was
a. Motecuzoma II.
b. Atahualpa.
c. Topa Inca.
d. Viracocha.
e. Pachakuti.

b. Atahualpa.

The conquistadores
a. established empires in Central and South America that lasted until the eighteenth century.
b. lost control because of a bloody battle between the forces of Cort�s and Pizarro.
c. eventually lost control and were replaced by formal ru

c. eventually lost control and were replaced by formal rule by the Spanish crown.

The two centers of Spanish royal authority in the Americas were
a. Lima and Chanchan.
b. Mexico City and Cuzco.
c. Lima and Mexico City.
d. Tenochtitlan and Mexico City.
e. Cuzco and Tehnochtitlan.

c. Lima and Mexico City.

The chief Spanish royal administrators in the Americas were
a. the viceroys.
b. the peninsulares.
c. the conquistadors.
d. the encomiendas.
e. the haciendas.

a. the viceroys.

The power of the viceroys was checked by reviews conducted by
a. the mestizo.
b. the zambos.
c. the encomiendas.
d. the conquistadores.
e. the audiencias.

e. the audiencias.

The Treaty of Tordesillas
a. granted England control over Australia.
b. split Central and South America between Spain and Portugal.
c. ended the Seven Years' War.
d. limited Spanish northern expansion at modern-day Florida.
e. ended the English practice o

b. split Central and South America between Spain and Portugal.

The Portuguese began to show much more interest in Brazil
a. after the establishment of profitable sugar plantations.
b. after the English victory over the Spanish Armada.
c. after brazilwood became a major cash crop.
d. after a Spanish military loss to F

a. after the establishment of profitable sugar plantations.

The English, French, and Dutch
a. were like the Spanish in that they viewed the Americas as a land to exploit rather than a place to settle.
b. did not play a role in the Americas until the mid-eighteenth century.
c. never showed any serious interest in t

e. were more interested in setting up permanent colonies than the Spanish.

Which of the following sites in North America was originally a Dutch colony?
a. Plymouth
b. Jamestown
c. Port Royal
d. New York
e. Quebec

d. New York

The English colony of Jamestown
a. was nearly destroyed due to mass starvation.
b. was wildly successful and quickly recouped the original financial investment.
c. mysteriously disappeared during a period when the English were too busy to send aid.
d. ser

a. was nearly destroyed due to mass starvation.

Which of the following was not a difference between the Spanish approach to colonization and that of the English and French?
a. Private investors played a much greater role in the English and French approach.
b. The English and French viewed the indigenou

b. The English and French viewed the indigenous populations as their equals.

Which of the following was not true of the American Indians that the English and French came into contact with?
a. The North American Indians did not have large, centralized states like the Aztecs and Inca.
b. The North American Indians did not live in de

e. The Indians guarded their claims to private ownership of land even more jealously than the Europeans did. `

The Indian population in what is now the United States stood at five million to ten million in 1492 and at ________ in 1800.
a. fifteen million
b. ten million
c. eight million
d. six million
e. six-hundred thousand

e. six-hundred thousand

Spanish migrants who were born in Europe were known as
a. zambos.
b. encomiendas.
c. mestizos.
d. peninsulares.
e. mulattoes.

d. peninsulares.
(peninsula, spain is a peninsula)

The m�tis were
a. French Jesuit missionaries.
b. migrants who had been born in Europe.
c. the Spanish administrative officials who reported back directly to the king.
d. the French equivalents of the peninsulares.
e. individuals of French and indigenous p

e. individuals of French and indigenous parentage.

For the Spanish, the greatest attraction of the Americas was
a. precious metals.
b. tobacco.
c. a new class of trading partners to buy Spanish manufactured goods.
d. sugar.
e. slaves.

a. precious metals.
SILVER

By the seventeenth century, the most prominent site of agriculture in Spanish America was the
a. m�tis.
b. hacienda.
c. repartimiento.
d. quinto.
e. zambo.

b. hacienda.

To provide labor for their sugar plantations, the Portuguese
a. offered higher wages than their Spanish counterparts did.
b. copied the Spanish encomiendas.
c. made extensive use of indentured servants.
d. copied the Spanish repartimiento system.
e. relie

e. relied on imported African slaves as laborers.

In North America, the Europeans initially found a profitable commodity when they bartered for
a. fur.
b. maize.
c. tobacco.
d. indigo.
e. molasses.

a. fur.

Plantations created a high demand for
a. cheap labor.
b. cash crops.
c. tobacco.
d. money.
e. education.

a. cheap labor.

The first plentiful labor force for North America was
a. indentured servants.
b. peninsulares from South America.
c. African slaves.
d. m�tis purchased from Canada.
e. native Americans who worked as part of a complicated barter system.

a. indentured servants.

The Virgin of Guadalupe essentially became a national symbol for
a. Peru.
b. Mexico.
c. Argentina.
d. Brazil.
e. Chile.

b. Mexico.

The first recorded European sighting of Australia was made by the
a. Portuguese.
b. Dutch.
c. English.
d. French.
e. Spanish.

b. Dutch.

Which of the following countries established the first permanent settlement in Australia?
a. England
b. the Netherlands
c. Portugal
d. Spain
e. France

a. England

The British initially made use of Australia
a. because of its rich silver mines.
b. because of its extraordinary agricultural abundance.
c. as a busy port on the route from Acapulco to Manila.
d. as a penal colony.
e. as a tourist retreat.

d. as a penal colony.

In the 1670s and 1680s, the Spanish were interested in consolidating control in this area because it lay directly on the route from Acapulco to Manila.
a. Guam
b. New Zealand
c. the Marquesas Islands
d. Tahiti
e. Hawai`i

a. Guam