cs arch&org ch 6

____ memory allows data to be both read from and written to easily and rapidly.

RAM

___ memory is a small, high-speed, high-cost memory that serves as a buffer for frequently accessed data.

cache

The basic difference between RAM and ROM is___

RAM is read/write while Rom is read only

The approach of using a combination of memory types to provide the best performance at the best cost is called:

hierarchical memory

Examples of secondary memory includeL

magnetic disk drives and solid state memory

When the requested data resides in a given level of memory, we call this a ___.

hit

Locality of reference" refers to:

clustering of memory references

Which of the following types of memory has the shortest (fastest) access time?

registers

Which of the following types of memory has the (longest) slowest access time?

secondary memory

Which of the following types of memory needs to be refreshed periodically to maintain its data?

DRAM

If a cache access requires one clock cycle and dealing with cache misses requires an additional five clock cycles, which of the following cache hit rates results in an effective access time of 2 clock cycles?

80%

A major advantage of direct mapped cache is its simplicity and ease of implementation. The main disadvantage of direct mapped cache is:

its performance is degraded if two or more blocks that map to the same location are used alternately

The average time required a memory storage location and retrieve its contents is called:

effective access time

Memory that is accessed by searching for content is called:

associative memory

The main memory in a desktop is made of:

RAM

Cache memory is effective because:

of the principle of locality

Cache memory is typically positioned between:

the CPU and the RAM

What characteristics of ram makes it unsuitable for permanent storage?

volatile

information can be retried fastest from:

hard disk

Cache mapping is necessary because:

The address generated by the CPU mustbe converted to a cache location

The tag field of a main memory ADDRESS IS USED TO DETERMINE:

if the cache entry is the desired block

The offset field of a main memory address is used to determine:

the location of the desired data in the cache block

Cache replacement policies are necessary:

to determine which block in cache should be the victim block

All of the following are cache replacement algorithms except:

thrashing

Assuming an 8-bit virtual address with pages of 32 bytes, the virtual address format is

3 bits for the page and 5 for the offseet

Memory segmentation can result in____ fragmentation, which paging can result in _____ fragmentation.

External / internal

Cache memory improves performance by improving memory___ while virtual memory improves performance by increasing memory_____.

access time / address space

The Purpose of a TLB is:

to cache frequently used data from memory